“…By contrast, Kar et al (2011), Panopoulou (2009), Liu and Sinclair (2008, Odhiambo (2008) Ang and McKibbin (2007), Liang and Teng (2006), and Dritsaki and Dritsaki-bargiota (2005) present evidence in support of a "demand-following" hypothesis, where unidirectional causality from economic growth to stock market development is present. Finally, Cheng (2012), Hou and Cheng (2010), Rashid (2008), Darrat, Elkhal, and McCallum (2006), Caporale, Howells, and Soliman (2004), Hassapis and Kalyvitis (2002), Wongbangpo and Sharma (2002), Huang, Yang, and Hu (2000), Muradoglu, Taskin, and Bigan (2000), Masih and Masih (1999), and Nishat and Saghir (1991) demonstrate 1960Naceur and Ghazouani (2007 MENA region MVGC 1979Boulila and Trabelsi (2004 Tunisia BVGC 1962-1987Agbetsiafa (2003 Sub-Saharan Africa TVGC 1963-2001 Calderon and Liu (2003) 109 countries MVGC 1960-1994 Thornton (1994) Asian countries BVGC 1951-1990 that causation runs in both directions simultaneously. Once again, the existing literature does not provide a definitive answer as to the direction of causality.…”