The Roles of the Y Chromosome Genes in Prostate Cancer

Lau, Yun‐Fai Chris

doi:10.21236/ada418194

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…2(d)] is expected to yield the fastest startup in the ten-cavity magnetron operating in the pi-mode [13]. The underlying reason is that when the magnetron is turned on, the electron orbits automatically assume a five-fold symmetry, which favors the excitation of the pi-mode in this ten-cavity magnetron, even before this internal electromagnetic mode appears.…”

Section: Experimental Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Noise Microwave Oven Magnetrons With Fast Start-Oscillation by Azimuthally Varying Axial Magnetic Fields

Neculaes

Gilgenbach

Lau

et al. 2004

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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A technique has been proven to significantly reduce the noise and to hasten the startup in microwave signals from dc operating oven magnetrons. The technique is based on imposition of an azimuthally varying axial magnetic field in magnetrons. For an -cavity magnetron operating in pi-mode, the optimal number of periods of azimuthal variations in the axial magnetic field is 2. This technique demonstrates the fastest startup and lowest start-oscillation current by prebunching the electrons. Measurements show dramatic reduction in noise of 600-800 W oven magnetrons operating dc near 2.45 GHz. The sidebands are eliminated ( 30 dB) and the noise within 50 MHz from the carrier is reduced by 30 dB. Noise reduction is observed at low (up to 60 mA), medium (60-200 mA) and high currents (200-300 mA), for both aged and fresh oven magnetrons. The reduction in power and in electronic efficiency is of order of 10%, in this low-noise, fast startup operation.Index Terms-High power microwaves, magnetron, microwave noise.

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Section: Experimental Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Noise Microwave Oven Magnetrons With Fast Start-Oscillation by Azimuthally Varying Axial Magnetic Fields

Neculaes

Gilgenbach

Lau

et al. 2004

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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show abstract

“…In the non-linear Thomson regime, a high brightness optimization is impractical due to harmonic generation [8] and the depression in x-ray energy, which hinders the possibility of extension of Thomson source spectrum into MeV range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of High Harmonic X-Ray Radiation from Non-Linear Thomson Scattering at LLNL Pleiades

Lim¹,

Doyuran

Frigola

et al.

Proceedings of the 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference

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We describe an experiment for production of high harmonic x-ray radiation from Thomson backscattering of an ultra-short high power density laser by a relativistic electron beam at the PLEIADES facility at LLNL. In this scenario, electrons execute a "figure-8" motion under the influence of the high-intensity laser field, where the constant characterizing the field strength is expected to exceed unity: a L = eE L /m e cω L ≥ 1. With large a L this motion produces high harmonic x-ray radiation and significant broadening of the spectral peaks. This paper is intended to give a layout of the PLEIADES experiment, along with progress towards experimental goals.

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Battle of the sexes: contrasting roles of testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) and TSPX in human oncogenesis

Lau

Kido

2019

Asian J Androl

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The Y-located testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) and its X-homologue TSPX originated from the same ancestral gene, but act as a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene, respectively. TSPY has specialized in male-specific functions, while TSPX has assumed the functions of the ancestral gene. Both TSPY and TSPX harbor a conserved SET/NAP domain, but are divergent at flanking structures. Specifically, TSPX contains a C-terminal acidic domain, absent in TSPY. They possess contrasting properties, in which TSPY and TSPX, respectively, accelerate and arrest cell proliferation, stimulate and inhibit cyclin B-CDK1 phosphorylation activities, have no effect and promote proteosomal degradation of the viral HBx oncoprotein, and exacerbate and repress androgen receptor (AR) and constitutively active AR variant, such as AR-V7, gene transactivation. The inhibitory domain has been mapped to the carboxyl acidic domain in TSPX, truncation of which results in an abbreviated TSPX exerting positive actions as TSPY. Transposition of the acidic domain to the C-terminus of TSPY results in an inhibitory protein as intact TSPX. Hence, genomic mutations/aberrant splicing events could generate TSPX proteins with truncated acidic domain and oncogenic properties as those for TSPY. Further, TSPY is upregulated by AR and AR-V7 in ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manners, respectively, suggesting the existence of a positive feedback loop between a Y-located proto-oncogene and male sex hormone/receptors, thereby amplifying the respective male oncogenic actions in human cancers and diseases. TSPX counteracts such positive feedback loop. Hence, TSPY and TSPX are homologues on the sex chromosomes that function at the two extremes of the human oncogenic spectrum.

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The Roles of the Y Chromosome Genes in Prostate Cancer

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Low-Noise Microwave Oven Magnetrons With Fast Start-Oscillation by Azimuthally Varying Axial Magnetic Fields

Low-Noise Microwave Oven Magnetrons With Fast Start-Oscillation by Azimuthally Varying Axial Magnetic Fields

Production of High Harmonic X-Ray Radiation from Non-Linear Thomson Scattering at LLNL Pleiades

Battle of the sexes: contrasting roles of testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) and TSPX in human oncogenesis

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