The Roman fever: observations on the understanding of malaria in the ancient Roman world

Micallef, Milton

doi:10.5694/mja16.00206

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Historically, malaria invaded Europe on many occasions. Old reports from ancient Roma reported the presence of Malaria in Italy thousands of years ago (Micallef 2016;Sallares 2002). Newer reports from the year 1265 reported the presence of malaria in Croatia; seventeenth century documented the reintroduction of malaria to Europe through Spain.…”

Section: Mosquitomentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

El-Sayed

Kamel

2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

259

145

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Global warming and the associated climate changes are predictable. They are enhanced by burning of fossil fuels and the emission of huge amounts of CO 2 gas which resulted in greenhouse effect. It is expected that the average global temperature will increase with 2-5°C in the next decades. As a result, the earth will exhibit marked climatic changes characterized by extremer weather events in the coming decades, such as the increase in temperature, rainfall, summertime, droughts, more frequent and stronger tornadoes and hurricanes. Epidemiological disease cycle includes host, pathogen and in certain cases intermediate host/vector. A complex mixture of various environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity) determines the suitable habitat/ecological niche for every vector host. The availability of suitable vectors is a precondition for the emergence of vector-borne pathogens. Climate changes and global warming will have catastrophic effects on human, animal and environmental ecosystems. Pathogens, especially neglected tropical disease agents, are expected to emerge and re-emerge in several countries including Europe and North America. The lives of millions of people especially in developing countries will be at risk in direct and indirect ways. In the present review, the role of climate changes in the spread of infectious agents and their vectors is discussed. Examples of the major emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases are also summarized.

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Section: Mosquitomentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

El-Sayed

Kamel

2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

259

145

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“…In Europe, malaria outbreaks occurred in the Roman Empire [63,64] and the 17th century. Up until the 17th century it was treated as any fever that people of the time encountered.…”

Section: Malaria Treatment Through Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria: The Past and the Present

et al. 2019

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Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species Anopheles. Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality around the world, and early diagnosis and fast-acting treatment prevent unwanted outcomes. It is the most common disease in Africa and some countries of Asia, while in the developed world malaria occurs as imported from endemic areas. The sweet sagewort plant was used as early as the second century BC to treat malaria fever in China. Much later, quinine started being used as an antimalaria drug. A global battle against malaria started in 1955, and Croatia declared 1964 to be the year of eradication of malaria. The World Health Organization carries out a malaria control program on a global scale, focusing on local strengthening of primary health care, early diagnosis of the disease, timely treatment, and disease prevention. Globally, the burden of malaria is lower than ten years ago. However, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of malaria cases around the world. It is moving towards targets established by the WHO, but that progress has slowed down.

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The Roman fever: observations on the understanding of malaria in the ancient Roman world

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

Malaria: The Past and the Present

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