The roots of racialized travel behavior

Abstract

Transportation inequities, particularly in the United States, result in part from historical and contemporary racism in planning, policy, urban development, decision making, and societal institutions. They have limited the mobility and access to opportunity for Black, Indigenous, and people of color, and shaped the ways that they travel. This chapter reviews the literature on racial and ethnic identity in travel behavior, examining the history and claims of transportation injustice. The chapter explores the barriers that historically marginalized communities experience as a result of disproportionate policing, safety and security issues, and neighborhood othering and belonging-that is, inviting suspicion because a person appears to be "out of place" in a neighborhood. It concludes by making the case for why transportation planners must consider race and racism explanatory factors in travel and why race-neutral planning processes exacerbate disparities.

Who Takes the School Bus? The Roles of Location, Race, and Parents in Choosing Travel-to-School Mode in Georgia

“…This is probably because of the combination of less traffic congestion in rural areas and longer bus trips resulting in more stops, with rural students living in less-dense areas, but this may cause families to choose driving their children to school. Second, while the rural Black population share in the sample (25%) still exceeds the national level, the share of Black students in greater Atlanta (41%) is much greater, again suggesting the possibilities that concentrations of Black students normalize school bus use and reduce students’ issues of neighborhood othering and belonging ( 30 ).…”

“…First, from the perspective of a family choosing a travel mode for a child's school trip, communities of color and lowincome communities face barriers that White and highincome communities are less likely to contend with: concerns of crime, personal safety, over-policing, and neighborhood othering and belonging (30). Second, in considering school transportation policies, many policies in transportation have been discriminatory on the basis of race and have affected aspects of travel behavior, including subjective norms and attitudes (30). Especially in the South, with its legacy of Jim Crow segregation, it is likely that these norms have yet to dissipate fully.…”

“…While several studies have examined which factors explain travel-to-school mode choice, one challenge is understanding the role of school bus policy. As Barajas writes, “Travel behavior can be thought as a set of realized practices in response to the availability of transportation resources and a supportive context for enabling travel” ( 30 , p. 3). When offered and available, the school bus is clearly an important resource and piece of the transportation system.…”

Critical geographies of transport and mobility: Studying power relations through practice, academia, and activism

“…As a result, practioner-activists such as Tamika Butler, Río Oxas, Olatunji Oboi Reed, and Jamario Jackson have argued that failing to take into account the lived experiences of people of color, who are disproportionately exposed to inadequate infrastructure, poor air quality, and violent encounters with police "replicate [s] racial inequity by failing to confront the structural racism embedded in the transportation system and decision making processes" (Equiticity, 2020, n.p.). In other words, the engineering and planning professions need to change not only in terms of who is trained and hired in these fields, but how they conceptualize the community and how they can work to eliminate the structural failures that continue to inhibit safe and equitable travel (Barajas, 2021;Karner et al, 2020;Mahmoudi et al, 2020).…”

The influence of marketing communication channels on the motivations, consumption behavior, and satisfaction of domestic tourists in Kenya

“…Research on this subject has been conducted widely to assist tourism marketing and product planning and development with the ultimate goal of increasing the number of tourists who visit destinations (Van Vuuren & Slabbert, 2011). Literature indicates that this behavior is influenced by various factors including motivation, attitude, perception, individual factors, physical and built environment, and expectations (Barajas, 2021). Usually, it is manifested in the way tourists select their product, plan their trips, purchase their services, consume tourist products, and evaluate the services, their feedback, and propensity to revisit destinations or repurchase products (Juvan et al, 2017).…”