The RxLR Motif of the Host Targeting Effector AVR3a of <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> Is Cleaved before Secretion

Wawra, Stephan; Trusch, Franziska; Matena, Anja; Apostolakis, Kostis; Linne, Uwe; Zhukov, Igor; Staněk, Jan; Koźmiński, Wiktor; Davidson, Ian; Secombes, Chris J.; Bayer, Peter; West, Pieter van

doi:10.1105/tpc.16.00552

Cited by 101 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…The question then arises as to how RXLR proteins are recognized so they take the Golgi-bypass UPS route? A recent study by Wawra et al (2017) on the function of the RXLR motif provides some food for thought. Detailed biochemical studies on the P. infestans RXLR effector Avr3a revealed that the effector is processed, and possibly acetylated, before secretion from the pathogen.…”

Section: Unconventional Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Indirect Visualization of Bacterial Effector Delivery into Diverse Plant Cell Types during Infection

et al. 2017

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Section: Unconventional Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Indirect Visualization of Bacterial Effector Delivery into Diverse Plant Cell Types during Infection

et al. 2017

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“…Most host-cell-targeted oomycete effectors carry a combination of a signal peptide and a conserved amino acid motif RXLR (where X represents any amino acid). The RXLR motif is required for effector translocation into the host cell, and there is evidence that it functions as an internal sorting signal (Grouffaud et al, 2008;Wawra et al, 2017). The effector protein domains downstream of signal peptide and RXLR motif are diverse and constitute the part of the effector that manipulates cellular processes in the host cell (Franceschetti et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis downy mildew effector HaRxL106 suppresses plant immunity by binding to RADICAL‐INDUCED CELL DEATH1

et al. 2018

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Summary The oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) causes downy mildew disease on Arabidopsis. To colonize its host, Hpa translocates effector proteins that suppress plant immunity into infected host cells. Here, we investigate the relevance of the interaction between one of these effectors, HaRxL106, and Arabidopsis RADICAL‐INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1).We use pathogen infection assays as well as molecular and biochemical analyses to test the hypothesis that HaRxL106 manipulates RCD1 to attenuate transcriptional activation of defense genes.We report that HaRxL106 suppresses transcriptional activation of salicylic acid (SA)‐induced defense genes and alters plant growth responses to light. HaRxL106‐mediated suppression of immunity is abolished in RCD1 loss‐of‐function mutants. We report that RCD1‐type proteins are phosphorylated, and we identified Mut9‐like kinases (MLKs), which function as phosphoregulatory nodes at the level of photoreceptors, as RCD1‐interacting proteins. An mlk1,3,4 triple mutant exhibits stronger SA‐induced defense marker gene expression compared with wild‐type plants, suggesting that MLKs also affect transcriptional regulation of SA signaling.Based on the combined evidence, we hypothesize that nuclear RCD1/MLK complexes act as signaling nodes that integrate information from environmental cues and pathogen sensors, and that the Arabidopsis downy mildew pathogen targets RCD1 to prevent activation of plant immunity.

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“…In oomycetes, the presence of the RxLR motif or the Crinkler domain has been used as a proxy for predicting host translocation and thus their intracellular localization (Petre & Kamoun, 2014). However, recent evidence suggests that the RxLR motif might play a role in intracellular processing before secretion (Wawra et al, 2017). No conserved sequence motif with a role in host translocation has thus far been found for fungal pathogens (Sperschneider et al, 2015a) that can be utilized to predict cytoplasmic localization for effectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ApoplastP: prediction of effectors and plant proteins in the apoplast using machine learning

et al. 2017

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The plant apoplast is integral to intercellular signalling, transport and plant-pathogen interactions. Plant pathogens deliver effectors both into the apoplast and inside host cells, but no computational method currently exists to discriminate between these localizations. We present ApoplastP, the first method for predicting whether an effector or plant protein localizes to the apoplast. ApoplastP uncovers features of apoplastic localization common to both effectors and plant proteins, namely depletion in glutamic acid, acidic amino acids and charged amino acids and enrichment in small amino acids. ApoplastP predicts apoplastic localization in effectors with a sensitivity of 75% and a false positive rate of 5%, improving the accuracy of cysteine-rich classifiers by > 13%. ApoplastP does not depend on the presence of a signal peptide and correctly predicts the localization of unconventionally secreted proteins. The secretomes of fungal saprophytes as well as necrotrophic, hemibiotrophic and extracellular fungal pathogens are enriched for predicted apoplastic proteins. Rust pathogens have low proportions of predicted apoplastic proteins, but these are highly enriched for predicted effectors. ApoplastP pioneers apoplastic localization prediction using machine learning. It will facilitate functional studies and will be valuable for predicting if an effector localizes to the apoplast or if it enters plant cells.

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The RxLR Motif of the Host Targeting Effector AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans Is Cleaved before Secretion

Cited by 101 publications

References 66 publications

Direct and Indirect Visualization of Bacterial Effector Delivery into Diverse Plant Cell Types during Infection

Direct and Indirect Visualization of Bacterial Effector Delivery into Diverse Plant Cell Types during Infection

Arabidopsis downy mildew effector HaRxL106 suppresses plant immunity by binding to RADICAL‐INDUCED CELL DEATH1

ApoplastP: prediction of effectors and plant proteins in the apoplast using machine learning

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