The safety-net story about macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventives: A review, an update, and recommendations

McCall, John W.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.005

Cited by 113 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The various dosages of the macrocyclic lactones reported as effective against S. lupi, are much higher than those for heartworm ( [Campbell, 1989] and [McCall, 2005]). Another key difference appears to lie in the stage of life cycle, being treated with the macrocyclic lactones.…”

Section: Medical Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Since the nodules contain the adult parasite and treatment with the macrocyclic lactones clearly indicates nodule resolution, it is a fair assumption that the drug is effective against the adults. This differs completely to heartworm were the adults are fairly resistant to the effect of the drug as seen with the prolonged time required for the macrocyclic lactones to eliminate adults (McCall, 2005).…”

Section: Medical Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spirocerca lupi infection in the dog: A review

Merwe

Kirberger

Clift

et al. 2008

The Veterinary Journal

161

191

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Spirocercosis is a disease occurring predominantly in Canidae, caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi. Typical clinical signs are regurgitation, vomiting and dyspnoea. The lifecycle involves an intermediate (coprophagous beetle) and a variety of paratenic hosts. Larvae follow a specific migratory route, penetrating the gastric mucosa of the host, migrating along arteries, maturing in the thoracic aorta before eventually moving to the caudal oesophagus. Here the worm lives in nodules and passes larvated eggs which can be detected using zinc sulphate faecal flotation. Histologically, the mature oesophageal nodule is composed mostly of actively dividing fibroblasts.Spirocerca lupi-associated oesophageal sarcomas may occur and damage to the aorta results in aneurysms. A pathognomonic lesion for spirocercosis is spondylitis of the thoracic vertebrae. Primary radiological lesions include an oesophageal mass, usually in the terminal oesophagus, spondylitis, and undulation of the aortic border. Contrast radiography and computed tomography are helpful additional emerging modalities. Oesophageal endoscopy has a greater diagnostic sensitivity than radiography. Endoscopic biopsies are not sensitive for detecting neoplastic transformation. Doramectin is the current drug of choice, effectively killing adult worms and decreasing egg shedding. Early diagnosis of infection is still a challenge and to date no ideal regimen for prophylaxis has been published.

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Section: Medical Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Medical Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirocerca lupi infection in the dog: A review

Merwe

Kirberger

Clift

et al. 2008

The Veterinary Journal

161

191

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Three-months-old larvae require up to one year and mature adults 2.5 years of monthly application of preventive doses of ivermectin (6 µg/kg) to provide efficacy of at least 95 % (McCall et al 2008). Also, higher doses of ivermectin (200 µg/kg) and shorter treatment intervals did not greatly enhance the efficacy (McCall 2005). This so-called "slow-kill" method is not re commended in heartworm disease as the infection persists throughout this long period and pathology progresses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

Petry

Genchi

Schmidt³

et al. 2015

Parasitol Res

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This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid 10 %/moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) spot-on (Advocate ® /Advantage ® Multi, Bayer) against adult Dirofilaria repens in a blinded, placebocontrolled randomised laboratory study. Twentyfour Beagle dogs were experimentally infected with approximately 75 infective D. repens larvae each on study day (SD) 0. Treatment was initiated on SD 228 after patency had been confirmed in 21 dogs, using a modified Knott Test. Eleven dogs received monthly treatments with imidacloprid/moxidectin at the minimum therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg imidacloprid and 2.5 mg/kg moxidectin) for six consecutive months and 12 control dogs were treated with a placebo formulation.Approximately one month after the last treatment, all dogs were euthanised and necropsied for the detection of D. repens worms. Eleven control dogs harboured live adult D. repens (range 2-11, geometric mean 5.44). Eight of 11 imidacloprid/moxidectin-treated dogs were free of live worms. The live worm count was reduced by 96.2 % (range 0-1, geometric mean 0.21). The majority of dead worms were encapsulated and degenerated. After the first treatment, Knott Tests were negative in all imidacloprid/moxidectin-treated dogs and this status was maintained in 10 dogs until study end. One dog showed a low microfilariae count (1 and 4/mL) on four occasions but was also negative before necropsy. The treatment was well tolerated by all study animals. It is concluded that six consecutive

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“…In the United States, heartworm infection has been found in dogs native to all 50 states. A 2001 survey of over 18,000 veterinary clinics reported heartworm positive tests for more than 240,000 dogs and 3000 cats (McCall, 2005), with the actual incidence likely much higher. Heartworm test kits and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic drugs used to prevent the infection are among the best-selling products in companion animal veterinary medicine, even though only half of dogs are estimated to receive any preventive treatments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and analysis of genes expressed in the adult filarial parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis

Yin

Martin

McCarter

et al. 2006

International Journal for Parasitology

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The heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is a filarial parasitic nematode infecting dogs and other mammals worldwide causing fatal complications. Here, we present the first large-scale survey of the adult heartworm transcriptome by generation and analysis of 4005 expressed sequence tags, identifying about 1800 genes and expanding the available sequence information for the parasite significantly. Brugia malayi genomic data offered the most valuable information to interpret heartworm genes, with about 70% of D. immitis genes showing significant similarities to the assembly. Comparative genomic analyses revealed both genes common to metazoans or nematodes and genes specific to filarial parasites that may relate to parasitism. Characterization of abundant transcripts suggested important roles for genes involved in energy generation and antioxidant defense in adults. In particular, we proposed that adult heartworm likely adopted an anaerobic electron transfer-based energy generation system distinct from the aerobic pathway utilized by its mammalian host, making it a promising target in developing next generation macrofilaricides and other treatments. Our survey provided novel insights into the D. immitis transcriptome and laid a foundation for further comparative studies on biology, parasitism and evolution within the phylum Nematoda. q

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The safety-net story about macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventives: A review, an update, and recommendations

Cited by 113 publications

References 5 publications

Spirocerca lupi infection in the dog: A review

Spirocerca lupi infection in the dog: A review

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

Identification and analysis of genes expressed in the adult filarial parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis

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