The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body—A Narrative Review

Lubojański, Adam; Piesiak-Pańczyszyn, Dagmara; Zakrzewski, Wojciech; Dobrzyński, W; Szymonowicz, Maria; Rybak, Zbigniew; Mielan, Bartosz; Wiglusz, Rafał J.; Watras, Adam

doi:10.3390/ma16031242

Cited by 38 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 97 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The use of systemic fluoride supplements is only beneficial if they are administered on a consistent basis and in accordance with established protocols in the years of development of the first 28 permanent teeth, which is normally between the ages of two and eight years. After this period of time, there is no longer any effect of systemic fluoride ingestion on the dentition [ 53 ]. On the other hand, there is no evidence to suggest that fluoride supplements that are taken by pregnant women are useful in preventing dental caries in their children [ 54 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluorosis is a condition that occurs due to excessive fluoride ingestion, leading to changes in the enamel of teeth and, in severe cases, affecting the skeletal system and other body functions [ 63 ]. The risk of developing fluorotic lesions of enamel due to the ingestion of recommended levels of fluoride during amelogenesis has been deemed acceptable when compared to the anticaries benefits of fluoride [ 53 , 64 ]. However, excessive fluoride intake can have negative effects on thyroid function, the skeletal system, the reproductive system, and cardiovascular health [ 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

Section: Fluorosis Risk From Systemic Fluoridementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, excessive fluoride intake can have negative effects on thyroid function, the skeletal system, the reproductive system, and cardiovascular health [ 65 , 66 , 67 ]. The risk of fluorosis depends on the dose, duration, and timing of fluoride exposure during tooth enamel formation [ 53 , 68 ]. Factors such as the amount of fluoride ingested according to the child’s weight and the duration of fluoride exposure during tooth development are important considerations [ 69 , 70 ].…”

Section: Fluorosis Risk From Systemic Fluoridementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Control of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents Using Fluoride: An Overview of Community-Level Fluoridation Methods

Pontigo-Loyola,

Mendoza-Rodriguez,

de la Rosa-Santillana

et al. 2024

Pediatric Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The maintenance of oral health is a crucial aspect of general well-being; however, a significant proportion of the worldwide population experiences a range of oral diseases. Dental caries is a highly prevalent non-communicable disease globally, especially in children and adolescents. Fluoride is involved in the control of dental caries, primarily by decreasing the critical pH for dental hard tissue dissolution and decreasing enamel solubility. Due to the substantial data supporting the efficacy of fluoride in controlling dental caries, many community-level fluoridation initiatives have been devised and executed as global public health preventive interventions. These initiatives encompass the fluoridation of water, salt, and milk. Water fluoridation is considered safe and effective when fluoride levels are maintained within the recommended range (0.6 to 1.1 mg/L). Salt fluoridation has a cariostatic potential similar to that of water fluoridation, and a fluoride concentration of 250 micrograms per gram in salt is not associated with an increased risk of developing dental fluorosis. However, there is currently an effort to reduce the consumption of table salt in order to mitigate the harmful effects of excessive salt consumption. It has been hypothesized that fluoride food supplementation, such as fluoridated milk, is associated with a decrease in caries experience in permanent teeth; however, the effect is not clear in primary teeth. Public-level fluoride interventions are more cost-effective than the operative care of caries lesions and limit the burden of care. The administration of fluorides should be conducted using safe methods, limiting ingestion, and adhering to the guidelines set by international and national health agencies in each country. This is particularly important when considering children with developing dentitions. Fluoride is an important tool in the control of dental caries, but it is crucial to combine it with good oral hygiene, a healthy diet, and regular visits to a dental professional to maintain long-term oral health.

show abstract

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fluorosis Risk From Systemic Fluoridementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fluorosis Risk From Systemic Fluoridementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Control of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents Using Fluoride: An Overview of Community-Level Fluoridation Methods

Pontigo-Loyola,

Mendoza-Rodriguez,

de la Rosa-Santillana

et al. 2024

Pediatric Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The main method of treating tooth enamel caries is still remineralizing therapy, as before (Martens & Verbeeck, 1998;Lussi et al, 2012;Amaechi & van Loveren, 2013;Flemming et al, 2022;Lubojanski et al, 2023). In recent years, a new method has been proposed that occupies an intermediate place between remineralizing therapy and operative and restorative treatment of dental caries in the stain stage -the method of tooth enamel infiltration (Perdigão, 2020;Allen et al, 2021;Xie et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological evaluation of the effectiveness of the “Icon” resin infiltration method in acute and chronic superficial dental caries

Gevkaliuk,

Bandrivsky,

Pynda

et al. 2024

Regul. Mech. Biosyst.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The article presents the results of electron microscopy of 52 teeth with acute and chronic initial caries infiltrated with “Icon” material (DMG, Germany). According to the results of the study, in acute initial dental caries (white spot stage), the infiltrate filled almost the entire volume of the pathological focus (81.8 ± 6.7% of cases). The technique of infiltration by replacing the lost mineral with a low-viscosity light-curing resin creates a barrier inside the carious lesion. Minimally invasive approaches, including the enamel infiltration technique, can be used for caries in the white spot stage for therapeutic-prophylactic purposes. However, in the case of chronic initial caries (pigmented spot stage), the infiltrate does not infiltrate the entire depth of the lesion. In 79.0 ± 9.4% of the teeth of this group, non-infiltrated areas of carious lesions were localized within the surface layers of dentin. Extrapolating the results obtained to the clinic, we can assume that the infiltration of initial caries at the stage of a pigmented spot does not ensure the stabilization of the carious process. Clinical recommendation of the low-viscosity resin infiltration technique requires evidence that requires long-term clinical observations.

show abstract

“…In addition, in the so-called first generation of varnishes, there are fluoride salts, commonly known as fluorides, usually in the form of neutral or acidified 5% NaF containing 2.26% fluoride ions (22,600 ppm F) or 1% difluorosilane containing 0.1% fluoride ions (1000 ppm F). The second-generation varnishes are additionally enriched with calcium and phosphorus compounds in various forms, e.g., as so-called functionalized tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex (CPP-ACP), calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Novamin) or xylitol-coated calcium phosphate (CXP) [22,23]. According to many researchers [22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] these increase the bioavailability of fluoride and the rate of its release as well as improve oral retention and enhance the antibacterial effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Comparison of the Fluoride Ion Release from the First- and Second-Generation Fluoride Varnishes

2023

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fluoride varnishes, both the first and the second generations, are effective in inhibiting caries, especially in children and adolescents, by reducing it on average by 43% for permanent teeth and 37% for deciduous teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of in vitro fluoride ion release from first- (Duraphat) and second-generation (MI Varnish and Embrace Varnish) fluoride varnishes and the impact of the type of varnish, the time from its application and the pH of the environment on this process. Materials and methods: The test material (90 specimens), prepared from extracted human teeth, were divided into nine groups of 10 specimens each. Measured amounts of the examined varnishes were applied onto specimens and the levels of fluoride release were assessed at the baseline and after 1, 2, 24, 48 and 168 h from the application with the use of an ion-specific electrode. The specimens were immersed into artificial saliva with pH adjusted to 4, 5 and 7. The highest cumulative release of fluoride was obtained by MI Varnish (11.52 ppm/mg), regardless of the pH of the environment, whereas the lowest released fluoride concentration was achieved by Embrace Varnish (4.82 ppm/mg). In the acidic environment, the release of fluoride was significantly higher than in the neutral environment for all investigated varnishes, with no change in the overall fluoride release profile and with maximum fluoride release in the first two hours after application. The findings of this study indicate that all examined fluoride varnishes released the maximum amount of fluoride within the first hours after application and that it was related to the acidity of the immersion medium.

show abstract

The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body—A Narrative Review

Cited by 38 publications

References 97 publications

Control of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents Using Fluoride: An Overview of Community-Level Fluoridation Methods

Control of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents Using Fluoride: An Overview of Community-Level Fluoridation Methods

Morphological evaluation of the effectiveness of the “Icon” resin infiltration method in acute and chronic superficial dental caries

In Vitro Comparison of the Fluoride Ion Release from the First- and Second-Generation Fluoride Varnishes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About