“…While works such as Figlewski (1984Figlewski ( , 1985, Brennan and Schwartz (1990), Thomas (2002) and Richie et al (2008) and Cummings and Frino (2011) document evidence of significant disequilibria in the spot-futures relation, there are two commonalities in these works: first, the nature of the pricing relation examined therein is not a temporal one based on lead-lag effects, but rather a mispricing approach based on a cost of carry model; second, disequilibria in these works are frequently attributed to transaction costs, market (im)maturity and liquidity effects that give rise to disequilibria while precluding arbitrage.…”