The SAGE-Spec Spitzer Legacy Program: The Life Cycle of Dust and Gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Kemper, F.; Woods, Paul; Antoniou, Vallia; Bernard, J.-P.; Blum, Robert; Boyer, Martha L.; Chan, J.; Chen, C.-H. Rosie; Cohen, Martin; Dijkstra, C.; Engelbracht, C. W.; Galametz, M.; Galliano, F.; Gielen, C.; Gordon, K. D.; Gorjian, Varoujan; Harris, Jason; Hony, S.; Hora, J. L.; Indebetouw, R.; Jones, O. C.; Kawamura, Akiko; Lagadec, E.; Lawton, Brandon; Leisenring, Jarron; Madden, S.; Marengo, Massimo; Matsuura, M.; McDonald, Iain; McGuire, C.; Mulia, A. J.; O’Halloran, B.; Oliveira, J. M.; Paladini, R.; Paradis, D.; Reach, W. T.; Rubin, D.; Sandström, Karin; Sargent, Benjamin; Sewiło, M.; Shiao, Bernie; Sloan, G. C.; Speck, A. K.; Srinivasan, S.; Szczerba, R.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Aarle, E. van; Dyk, Schuyler D. Van; Loon, Jacco Th. van; Winckel, H. Van; Vijh, U.; Volk, Kevin; Whitney, B. A.; Wilkins, Ashlee; Zijlstra, A. A.

doi:10.1086/653438

Cited by 83 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Following the successful selection method adopted by Marshall et al (2004), with the added benefit of existing mid-IR spectra obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope (Buchanan et al 2006;Kemper et al 2010;Woods et al 2011), we selected the brightest oxygen-rich (silicate dust) mid-IR sources (which pumps the OH maser) with the reddest optical and near-IR colours known in the LMC. These have luminosities L 20, 000 L .…”

Section: Description Of the Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity

Goldman

Loon

Zijlstra

et al. 2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

147

118

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We present the results of our survey of 1612 MHz circumstellar OH maser emission from asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and red supergiants (RSGs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We have discovered four new circumstellar maser sources in the LMC, and increased the number of reliable wind speeds from IR stars in the LMC from 5 to 13. Using our new wind speeds, as well as those from Galactic sources, we have derived an updated relation for dust driven winds: v exp ∝ ZL 0.4 . We compare the sub-solar metallicity LMC OH/IR stars with carefully selected samples of more metal-rich OH/IR stars, also at known distances, in the Galactic Centre and Galactic Bulge. For 8 of the Bulge stars we derive pulsation periods for the first time, using near-IR photometry from the VVV survey. We have modeled our LMC OH/IR stars and developed an empirical method of deriving gas-to-dust ratios and mass loss rates by scaling the models to the results from maser profiles. We have done this also for samples in the Galactic Centre and Bulge and derived a new mass loss prescription that includes luminosity, pulsation period, and gas-to-dust ra-tioṀ = 1.06 +3.5 −0.8 ·10 −5 (L/10 4 L ) 0.9±0.1 (P/500 d) 0.75±0.3 (r gd /200) −0.03±0.07 M yr −1 . The tightest correlation is found between mass loss rate and luminosity. We find that the gas-to-dust ratio has little effect on the mass loss of oxygen-rich AGB stars and RSGs within the Galaxy and the LMC. This suggests that mass loss of oxygen-rich AGB stars and RSGs is (nearly) independent of metallicity between a half and twice solar.

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Section: Description Of the Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity

Goldman

Loon

Zijlstra

et al. 2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

147

118

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“…The latter category was separated from the AGB stars by the color cut J − [3.6] > 3.1. The infrared color classification of SAGE sources was further refined by Boyer et al (2011) Kemper et al, 2010). Around 200 point sources were targeted, and an additional ∼800 further staring mode observations from other programs within the SAGE-LMC footprint were analyzed, yielding a total legacy of around 1,000 5-38 µm point source spectra in the LMC.…”

Section: The Evolved Stellar Population As Dust Factoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infrared spectroscopy in the 5-38 µm wavelength range, obtained with Spitzer -IRS allows for a more detailed analysis of the mineralogical composition of the dust produced. The SAGE-Spec Spitzer legacy survey (Kemper et al, 2010) aims to do exactly that, in addition to a first goal which is to verify the photometric classification. Woods et al (2011) have applied a decision tree to the ∼200 point sources targeted in the LMC in the SAGE-Spec program, while the classification of all IRS targets in the LMC is currently underway (Woods et al in prep.…”

Section: Further Insights In the Dust Mineralogy From Spitzer Irs Obsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dust Production by Evolved Stars in the Magellanic Clouds

Kemper

2015

Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society

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Within the context of the hugely successful SAGE-LMC and SAGE-SMC surveys, Spitzer photometry observations of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds have revealed millions of infrared point sources in each galaxy. The brightest infrared sources are generally dust producing and mass-losing evolved stars, and several tens of thousands of such stars have been classified. After photometrically classifying these objects, the dust production by several kinds of evolved stars -such as Asymptotic Giant Branch stars and Red Supergiants -can be determined. SAGE-Spec is the spectroscopic follow-up to the SAGE-LMC survey, and it has obtained Spitzer -IRS 5-40 µm spectroscopy of about 200 sources in the LMC. Combined with archival data from other programs, observations at a total of ∼1000 pointings have been obtained in the LMC, while ∼250 IRS pointings were observed in the SMC. Of these, a few hundred pointings represent dust producing and mass-losing evolved stars, covering a range in colors, luminosities, and thus mass-loss rates. Red Supergiants and O-rich and C-rich AGB stars -the main dust producers -are well represented in the spectroscopic sample. This paper will summarize what we know about the mineralogy of dust producing evolved stars, and discuss their relative importance in the total dust budget.

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“…The Herschel Space Observatory (Herschel, Pilbratt et al 2010) Key Programme "HERschel Inventory of The Agents of Galaxy Evolution" (HERITAGE, Meixner et al 2013) further allowed the identification of the most heavily embedded YSOs (Sewiło et al 2010;Seale et al 2014). Followup programmes with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS Houck et al 2004) in the Magellanic Clouds (e.g., Seale et al 2009;Kemper et al 2010;Oliveira et al 2013) have confirmed the YSO nature for 100s of objects (see also Oliveira et al 2009;Seale et al 2011;Woods et al 2011;Ruffle et al 2015;Jones et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herschel spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in the Magellanic Clouds

Oliveira

Loon

Sewiło

et al. 2019

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We present Herschel Space Observatory Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) and Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver Fourier Transform Spectrometer (SPIRE FTS) spectroscopy of a sample of twenty massive Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC). We analyse the brightest farinfrared (far-IR) emission lines, that diagnose the conditions of the heated gas in the YSO envelope and pinpoint their physical origin. We compare the properties of massive Magellanic and Galactic YSOs. We find that [O i] and [C ii] emission, that originates from the photodissociation region associated with the YSOs, is enhanced with respect to the dust continuum in the Magellanic sample. Furthermore the photoelectric heating efficiency is systematically higher for Magellanic YSOs, consistent with reduced grain charge in low metallicity environments. The observed CO emission is likely due to multiple shock components. The gas temperatures, derived from the analysis of CO rotational diagrams, are similar to Galactic estimates. This suggests a common origin to the observed CO excitation, from low-luminosity to massive YSOs, both in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds. Bright far-IR line emission provides a mechanism to cool the YSO environment. We find that, even though [O i], CO and [C ii] are the main line coolants, there is an indication that CO becomes less important at low metallicity, especially for the SMC sources. This is consistent with a reduction in CO abundance in environments where the dust is warmer due to reduced ultraviolet-shielding. Weak H 2 O and OH emission is detected, consistent with a modest role in the energy balance of wider massive YSO environments.

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The SAGE-Spec Spitzer Legacy Program: The Life Cycle of Dust and Gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Cited by 83 publications

References 78 publications

The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity

The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity

Dust Production by Evolved Stars in the Magellanic Clouds

Herschel spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in the Magellanic Clouds

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