The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: Replication from DCM

Goulden, Nia; Khusnulina, Aygul; Davis, Nick J.; Bracewell, R. Martyn; Bokde, Arun L.W.; McNulty, Jonathan P.; Mullins, Paul G.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.052

Cited by 651 publications

(481 citation statements)

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“…Although functional connectivity studies extract a bilateral salience network pattern involving both the right and left insula and ACC, 23 the right-hemispheric asymmetry is reminiscent of studies that use temporal information (e.g., Granger causality or DCM). [33][34][35] A meta-analysis revealed that both the insula and ACC were accompanied by significant grey matter reductions in patients with FEP, 36 which might provide a scaffold for the reduction of insula-ACC connectivity observed here. In accordance with this, deficits in grey matter volumes in the insula and ACC have also been negatively associated with delusion and hallucinations in psychotic patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Dysfunctional insular connectivity during reward prediction in patients with first-episode psychosis

Schmidt

Palaniyappan

Smieskova

et al. 2016

jpn

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IntroductionOur brain is constantly exposed to a wide variety of stimuli, which compete for limited cognitive resources. External stimu li are processed depending on their salience so as to ignore predictable, state and task-irrelevant events while enhancing resource allocation in order to process unexpected or state-and task-relevant events. Efficient prediction of salient stimuli, such as those of rewards, is thus essential for adapting ongoing behaviour. This process requires the ability to learn that a neutral stimulus becomes emotionally endowed owing to its association with primary reinforcement. 1 Behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated impairments in patients with psychosis when anticipating reward.2 Relative to controls, behavioural evidence indicated that patients with rst-episode psychosis (FEP) exhibited less reactivity to reward-predicting cues.3 Functional MRI studies during reward prediction have reported reduced activity in diverse brain regions, including the ventral striatum (VS), 4,5 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), midbrain, thalamus and cerebellum, of unmedicated patients with FEP compared with controls. 5 It has further been shown that VS activation during reward prediction was negatively related to positive psychotic symptoms in patients with FEP. 4,5 Reward processing is critically mediated by dopamine, 6,7 and the VS response to reward-predicting cues is likely triggered by dopamine activity. 8,9 A previous fMRI study in patients with chronic schizophrenia showed that the VS response during reward prediction was reduced only in patients treated with typical antipsychotics, whereas no difference was observed between healthy controls and patients treated with atypical medication. 10 In line with this nding in patients with chronic schizophrenia, the reduced baseline VS activation during reward prediction seen in patients with FEP relative to healthy controls has been reported to be normalized after 6 weeks of monotherapy with atypical antipsychotics.11 The largest improvement in positive symptoms was seen in patients with the highest VS signal increase.11 Although not speci cally during reward processing, a recent resting-state fMRI study in patients Background: Increasing evidence indicates that psychosis is associated with abnormal reward processing. Imaging studies in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) have revealed reduced activity in diverse brain regions, including the ventral striatum, insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), during reward prediction. However, whether these reductions in local brain activity are due to altered connectivity has rarely been explored. Methods: We applied dynamic causal modelling and Bayesian model selection to fMRI data during the Salience Attribution Task to investigate whether patients with FEP showed abnormal modulation of connectivity between the ventral striatum, insula and ACC induced by rewarding cues and whether these changes were related to positive psychotic symptoms and atypical antipsychotic medication. Results: The model...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Dysfunctional insular connectivity during reward prediction in patients with first-episode psychosis

Schmidt

Palaniyappan

Smieskova

et al. 2016

jpn

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“…Support for this view comes from a range of recent studies [16][17][18][19][20]. 4 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised in part by symptoms of distractibility and an inability to ignore irrelevant stimuli -characteristics related to deficits in attentional control [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered intrinsic organisation of brain networks implicated in attentional processes in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state study of attention, default mode and salience network connectivity

Sidlauskaite

Sonuga‐Barke

Roeyers

et al. 2015

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Deficits in task-related attentional engagement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been hypothesized to be due to altered interrelationships between attention, default mode and salience networks. We examined the intrinsic connectivity during rest within and between these networks. Six minutes resting state scans were obtained. Using a network-based approach, connectivity within and between the dorsal and ventral attention, the default mode and the salience networks was compared between the ADHD and control group.The ADHD group displayed hyperconnectivity between the two attention networks and within the default mode and ventral attention network. The salience network was hypoconnected to the dorsal attention network. There were trends towards hyperconnectivity within the dorsal attention network and between the salience and ventral attention network in ADHD.Connectivity within and between other networks was unrelated to ADHD. Our findings highlight the altered connectivity within and between attention networks, and between them and the salience network in ADHD. One hypothesis to be tested in future studies is that individuals with ADHD are affected by an imbalance between ventral and dorsal attention systems with the former playing a dominant role during task engagement making individuals with ADHD highly susceptible to distraction by salient task-irrelevant stimuli.

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“…One central network is the default-mode network (DMN), which was first defined as a group of brain areas consistently showing decrease from baseline state during task-related activity and is indicative of an organization within the brain's intrinsic ongoing activity (8,9). Although showing strong intranetwork functional connectivity, the DMN is also related to other networks, including the sensorimotor (SMN) (10), salience (SN) (11,12), and central executive (CEN) (12,13) networks with the relationships between networks being either positive (i.e., correlating) or negative (i.e., anticorrelating). The DMN is involved in affective regulation and internal thoughts (14)(15)(16), showing major changes in psychiatric illnesses, such as BD (17)(18)(19)(20)(21), and major depressive disorder (22)(23)(24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Contrasting variability patterns in the default mode and sensorimotor networks balance in bipolar depression and mania

Martino

Magioncalda

Huang

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

141

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Depressive and manic phases in bipolar disorder show opposite constellations of affective, cognitive, and psychomotor symptoms. At a neural level, these may be related to topographical disbalance between large-scale networks, such as the default mode network (DMN) and sensorimotor network (SMN). We investigated topographical patterns of variability in the resting-state signal-measured by fractional SD (fSD) of the BOLD signal-of the DMN and SMN (and other networks) in two frequency bands (Slow5 and Slow4) with their ratio and clinical correlations in depressed (n = 20), manic (n = 20), euthymic (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 40). After controlling for global signal changes, the topographical balance between the DMN and SMN, specifically in the lowest frequency band, as calculated by the Slow5 fSD DMN/SMN ratio, was significantly increased in depression, whereas the same ratio was significantly decreased in mania. Additionally, Slow5 variability was increased in the DMN and decreased in the SMN in depressed patients, whereas the opposite topographical pattern was observed in mania. Finally, the Slow5 fSD DMN/SMN ratio correlated positively with clinical scores of depressive symptoms and negatively with those of mania. Results were replicated in a smaller independent bipolar disorder sample. We demonstrated topographical abnormalities in frequency-specific resting-state variability in the balance between DMN and SMN with opposing patterns in depression and mania. The Slow5 DMN/SMN ratio was tilted toward the DMN in depression but was shifted toward the SMN in mania. The Slow5 fSD DMN/SMN pattern could constitute a state-biomarker in diagnosis and therapy. bipolar disorder | neuronal variability | default mode network | sensorimotor network B ipolar disorder (BD) type I is a debilitating psychiatric disease with recurrent episodes of depression and mania, characterized by opposite constellations of psychopathological symptoms (1, 2). Typically, depression is characterized by mood biased toward negative affect, cognitive symptoms with thought internally focused: that is, self-focused (which manifests in ruminations) and inhibited psychomotor behavior (which manifests in psychomotor retardation). In contrast, most commonly mania presents mood biased toward positive affect, cognitive symptoms with thought externally focused: that is, environment-focused (which manifests in flight of ideas/ distractibility) and excited psychomotor behavior (which manifests in psychomotor agitation) (1-7). The neural basis underlying such co-occurrence of psychopathological symptoms with opposing constellations in depressive and manic phases of BD, however, remains unclear.Affect, thought, and psychomotor functions can be related to distinct neural networks in the brain's resting state. One central network is the default-mode network (DMN), which was first defined as a group of brain areas consistently showing decrease from baseline state during task-related activity and is indicative of an organization within the brain's ...

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The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: Replication from DCM

Cited by 651 publications

References 47 publications

Dysfunctional insular connectivity during reward prediction in patients with first-episode psychosis

Dysfunctional insular connectivity during reward prediction in patients with first-episode psychosis

Altered intrinsic organisation of brain networks implicated in attentional processes in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state study of attention, default mode and salience network connectivity

Contrasting variability patterns in the default mode and sensorimotor networks balance in bipolar depression and mania

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