The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. I. Parasitological assessment of ‘zir’ stored and direct tap water

Khairy, Amal; Sebaie, O.El; Gawad, Aleya Abdel; Attar, L El

doi:10.1017/s0022172400069898

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Using piped water has been shown to influence the prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection (9). In this study, low rates of A. lumbricoides infection were observed among children living in households using a protected water source, indicating a possibility for contamination when water is not protected from soil-transmitted helminths eggs during transport and storage (70). We also observed a high risk of parasite infection, particularly T. trichiura infection, among children in households using open containers for water storage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Intestinal parasites among rural school children in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional multilevel and zero-inflated regression model

Amare

Lindtjørn

2019

Preprint

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16Background: Over 28 million school-aged children are at risk of intestinal parasite infection in Ethiopia. Few studies have 17 investigated household-level risk factors or applied multilevel analysis to account for the nested data structure. This study aimed to 18 assess the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of parasite infection among schoolchildren in rural South Ethiopia. 19Methodology/Principal Findings: Using multistage random sampling, we recruited 864 students in the Wonago district. We 20 applied multilevel-logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models (ZINB). Risk factors were concentrated at the 21 individual level; school-level and class-level variables explained less than 5% of the variance. The overall intestinal parasite 22 prevalence was 56% (479/850); Trichuris trichiura prevalence was 75.2% (360/479); and Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence was 33.2% 23 (159/479). The rate of infection increased among children with anemia (AOR: 1.45 [95% CI: 1.04, 2.03]), wasting (AOR: 1.73 [95% 24 CI: (1.04, 2.90]), mothers who had no formal education (AOR: 1.08 [95% CI: 1.25, 3.47]), and those in households using open 25 containers for water storage (AOR: 2.06 [95% CI: 1.07, 3.99]). In the ZINB model, A. lumbricoides infection intensity increased with 26 increasing age (AOR: 1.08 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.16]) and unclean fingernails (AOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.07, 2.03]). Handwashing with soap 27 (AOR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.48, 0.95]), de-worming treatment [AOR: 0.57 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.98)], and using water from protected sources 28 [AOR: 0.46 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.77)] were found to be protective against parasitic infection. 3 29Conclusions/Significance: After controlling for clustering effects at the school and class levels and accounting for excess zeros 30 in fecal egg counts, we found an association between parasite infections and the following variables: age, wasting, anemia, unclean 31 fingernails, handwashing, de-worming treatment, mother's education, household water source, and water storage protection. 32Improving hygiene behavior, providing safe water at school and home, and strengthening de-worming programs is required to 33 improve the health of schoolchildren in rural Gedeo. 34 35 36Author summary 37 Intestinal parasite infections are common among school-aged children in Ethiopia. Several cross-sectional studies have investigated 38 the prevalence and risk factors of these intestinal parasite infections. However, most were conducted in an urban setting in northern 39 Ethiopia; they collected household-level risk factor information from the children, not the parents; and they restricted intestinal 40 parasite infection data to binary outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasite infections 41 and the related individual-, household-, and school-level risk factors among rural schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia. Using a 42 multivariate, multilevel, regression model, we found minimal variation across class-and school-level factors for intestinal parasite 4...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Intestinal parasites among rural school children in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional multilevel and zero-inflated regression model

Amare

Lindtjørn

2019

Preprint

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“…However, conflicting evidence has been found elsewhere. In rural Egypt, water samples taken from public taps and stored water had similar levels of protozoan contamination, however helminth ova were found repeatedly in samples of stored water but never in tap water [8,9]. Most tap water samples contained faecal streptococci but E. coli were rarely present; the stored water contained consistently higher levels of both bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. I. A case study in rural north-east Thailand

Pinfold

1990

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. I. A case study in rural north-east Thailand J. V. PINFOLD Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England (Accepted 25 May 1990) SUMMARYMost villagers in north-east Thailand carry water to their homes and store it in separate containers depending on its subsequent use. In one village, information on water use was collated with the bacteriological quality of stored water, water sources and fingertip-rinses. Stored water quality was a function of water-related activities rather than quality at source (P < 0O0001). Specifically water used for toilet, washing dishes and cooking-related activities was much more contaminated with faecal bacteria than that used for drinking and cooking. Salmonella spp. was significantly more common in water used for washing dishes than drinking (P < 005). Escherichia coli contamination of fingertip-rinses was strongly associated with the individual's activity prior to testing (P < 0-0001); child care, food and water-related activities produced much higher levels of fingertip contamination than others. Dirty utensils used for cooking and eating were usually left to soak and faecal bacterial growth occurred in this grossly contaminated soak-water. Cross-contamination via water handling was the main mechanism of stored water pollution. These results were used to develop a hygiene intervention study presented in a companion paper.

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“…Examples include V. cholerae (Gunn et al 1981;Deb et al 1982), Ascaris and Strongyloides (Khairy et al 1982), and Giardia spp. (Genthe et al 1997).…”

Section: Anthropologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal–oral disease transmission

Trevett

Carter

Tyrrel

2005

Journal of Water and Health

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The deterioration of drinking water quality following its collection from a community well or standpipe and during storage in the home has been well documented. However, there is a view that post-supply contamination is of little public health consequence. This paper explores the potential health risk from consuming re-contaminated drinking water. A conceptual framework of principal factors that determine the pathogen load in household drinking water is proposed. Using this framework a series of hypotheses are developed in relation to the risk of disease transmission from re-contaminated drinking water and examined in the light of current literature and detailed field observation in rural Honduran communities. It is shown that considerable evidence of disease transmission from re-contaminated drinking water exists. In particular the type of storage container and hand contact with stored drinking water has been associated with increased incidence of diarrhoeal disease. There is also circumstantial evidence linking such factors as the sanitary conditions in the domestic environment, cultural norms and poverty with the pathogen load of household stored drinking water and hence the risk of disease transmission. In conclusion it is found that re-contaminated drinking water represents a significant health risk especially to infants, and also to those with secondary immunodeficiency.

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The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. I. Parasitological assessment of ‘zir’ stored and direct tap water

Abstract: Drinking water is a recognized mode of transmission of various parasitic and bacterial infections and high prevalence rates of water-borne infection have been found during past studies in rural areas of the Nile Delta (Farag et al. 1979; Khairy. Barakat & Omar, 1978).

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Intestinal parasites among rural school children in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional multilevel and zero-inflated regression model

Intestinal parasites among rural school children in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional multilevel and zero-inflated regression model

Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. I. A case study in rural north-east Thailand

The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal–oral disease transmission

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