The scale of symbiosis

Scharnagl, Klara

doi:10.1007/s13199-019-00601-x

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 67 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Symbioses are rarely static; they comprise a fluid spectrum of interactions from mutually beneficial to neutral to exploitative (Parmentier and Michel, 2013;Méthot and Alizon, 2014;Scharnagl, 2019). Although mutualistic relationships such as the one between Cryptocercus and its flagellates can arise in several ways from other interactions along the spectrum, many if not most cases of mutualism originate from an antagonistic, parasitic relationship (Mayhew, 2006;Weiblen and Treiber, 2015;Scharnagl, 2019). Mutualism differs from parasitism in only one way: instead of one partner in the association exploiting the other without reciprocity, in mutualism each partner exploits the other (Combes, 2005).…”

Section: Transition From Parasitism To Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parasites are inextricably linked to the host that houses them, because the host is not only the resource base for a parasite, but also its habitat and vehicle (Combes, 2001). The establishment and maintenance of symbioses seem to be driven largely by the top-down influence of the host (Scharnagl, 2019). Although there are numerous examples of parasites driving changes in host behavior, these are predominantly in parasites with complex life cycles (i.e., those that require more than one host species to complete their life cycle) (Combes, 1991;Perrot-Minnot and Cézilly, 2009), not the basic twostage life cycle of the flagellates in Cryptocercus.…”

Section: Host Dominationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Origin of Mutualism Between Termites and Flagellated Gut Protists: Transition From Horizontal to Vertical Transmission

Nalepa

2020

Front. Ecol. Evol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lower termites, as well as their sister group, the subsocial wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus, rely on flagellated eukaryotic symbionts in the hindgut to cooperatively digest their wood diet. In Cryptocercus these flagellates undergo encystment cycles tightly coordinated with the molting cycle of their host, yet the resultant cysts play no demonstrated role in their transmission to neonates; the trophozoite stage of the flagellates is passed directly from parents to offspring via hindgut fluids (proctodeal trophallaxis). This pattern suggests that encystment is a vestige from a gregarious cockroach ancestor, when the flagellates had a functional, two-stage life cycle and the cysts were horizontally transmitted among hosts via coprophagy. The strong integration between flagellate encystment cycles and host developmental physiology in Cryptocercus indicates that the relationship of the flagellates with their proposed gregarious cockroach ancestor was not commensal, but parasitic, with flagellates likely obtaining benefits by taking advantage of host gut metabolites and ingested plant debris. When vertical transmission evolved the parasites were 'captured,' and their fitness became inescapably embedded in the fitness of their host. The vertical transmission of gut flagellates and the origin of host subsociality via proctodeal trophallaxis can be considered two sides of the same coin. From the host point of view proctodeal trophallaxis marks the origination of parental care by provisioning neonates with nourishment, metabolites and beneficial microbiota. From the flagellate point of view, proctodeal trophallaxis was a shift from horizontal to vertical transmission, pushing them from the parasitic to the mutualistic end of the symbiotic spectrum, arguably making this host behavioral change the most critical juncture in the evolutionary trajectory of the termite lineage.

show abstract

Section: Transition From Parasitism To Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Dominationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Mutualism Between Termites and Flagellated Gut Protists: Transition From Horizontal to Vertical Transmission

Nalepa

2020

Front. Ecol. Evol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

What are Lichenized Fungi?

Tripathi

Joshi

2019

Endolichenic Fungi: Present and Future Trends

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

First Symbiotic Association Between Hederelloids and Rugose Corals (Latest Silurian of Saaremaa, Estonia)

Vinn

Wilson

Мадисон

et al. 2022

Palaios

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A phoronid-like hederelloid that formed a symbiotic association with the rugosan coral Entelophyllum has been found in the Pridoli Series of Estonia. The skeletons of the hederelloid and rugosan are partially intergrown. The hederelloid apertures are located at the margin of the rugosan calice. The hederelloid lophophore was likely placed between the tentacles of the coral polyp, indicating a positive or at least a neutral co-existence. In extant corals, polyps can be retracted into the calice either during the day or night. If the rugose coral was similar to modern corals in this respect, it may have helped in the co-existence with the hederelloid and allowed feeding at different times. It is possible that the hederelloid soft tissues were protected against smaller predators by the stinging cells of the rugosan tentacles. The history of symbiosis in hederelloids is similar to that of tentaculitoids, in which symbiotic relationships also appeared early in their evolution. To date, Entelophyllum is the only colonial rugosan known to have formed symbiotic associations during the Silurian.

show abstract

The scale of symbiosis

Cited by 3 publications

References 67 publications

Origin of Mutualism Between Termites and Flagellated Gut Protists: Transition From Horizontal to Vertical Transmission

Origin of Mutualism Between Termites and Flagellated Gut Protists: Transition From Horizontal to Vertical Transmission

What are Lichenized Fungi?

First Symbiotic Association Between Hederelloids and Rugose Corals (Latest Silurian of Saaremaa, Estonia)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About