The Scale-Up of Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis

Kremsner, Jennifer M.; Stadler, Alexander; Kappe, C. Oliver

doi:10.1007/128_048

Cited by 94 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…However, the first specific studies of microwave-driven chemistry are typically dated in the 1970s and 1980s for inorganic and organic syntheses, respectively 2 . The field of chemical reactions under microwave (MW) heating has since expanded rapidly, with a myriad of potential applications that, in many cases, can be scaled up 3 . Of particular interest are microwave-assisted heterogeneous catalytic processes, both in liquid and gas phase, where the catalyst itself is preferentially heated by MW [4][5][6][7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ temperature measurements in microwave-heated gas-solid catalytic systems. Detection of hot spots and solid-fluid temperature gradients in the ethylene epoxidation reaction

Ramírez

Hueso

Mallada

et al. 2017

Chemical Engineering Journal

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ABSTRACT. Infrared thermographic techniques have been used for the first time to determine real-time gas and solid temperatures, as well as gas-solid temperature gradients in microwave heated structured reactors. A special reactor vessel has been developed that allows direct observation of the catalyst under microwave heating, and an operating procedure is presented to obtain gas and solid apparent emissivities as a function of temperature. These values are thereafter used to calculate temperatures at any point in the gas and solid phases under reaction.The method has been used to obtain gas and solid temperatures during the ethylene epoxidation reaction carried out on a silver-copper oxide catalyst. The direct heating of the monolith walls produced a stable, large temperature gradient between the solid and the gas phase.2

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ temperature measurements in microwave-heated gas-solid catalytic systems. Detection of hot spots and solid-fluid temperature gradients in the ethylene epoxidation reaction

Ramírez

Hueso

Mallada

et al. 2017

Chemical Engineering Journal

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“…Microwave (MW) heating provides an alternative to the fluidic microreactor heating [89,90]. Damm et al [91] made a comparison between batch MW and conventionally heated flow scale-up protocols for three selected model reactions.…”

Section: Temperature Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Claisen Rearrangement – Part 2: Impact Factor Analysis of the Claisen Rearrangement, in Batch and in Flow

et al. 2014

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In Part 2, the factors impacting the Claisen rearrangement both in batch and flow processing are analyzed, including the choice of substituent, catalyst, temperature, pressure, concentration, flow rates, and solvent. Part 1 of this review series discussed the potential of using short‐time spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations to elucidate the mechanism and transition state of the Claisen rearrangement. Flow processing offers profound opportunities for studying these factors known to impact the Claisen rearrangement done in batch. It is shown that the same impact factors also rule flow processing, yet now superposed by the very different residence and reaction time settings and by novel process windows which go beyond conventional processing. As a result, massive intensification can be reached and a mechanistic analysis can be done in entirely unpaved processing fields. This links to the analysis given in part 1: it is likely that flow processing can further promote the understanding of the mechanism and transition state of the Claisen rearrangement and, thereby, promote the achievement of better reaction performance.

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“…There have been many papers on microwave-assisted organic synthesis [1,[5][6][7][8][9] and only a limited number of studies have been reported about biomass conversion into a chemical block [10][11][12][13] . Here, we introduce four experimental results of biomass conversion in hydrothermal condition and ionic liquid systems.…”

Section: Topics Described In This Chaptermentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Apparatus for Kinetic Studies and in-situ Observations in Hydrothermal or High-Pressure Ionic Liquid System

Watanabe¹,

Qi²,

Smith³

2012

The Development and Application of Microwave Heating

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The Scale-Up of Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis

Cited by 94 publications

References 70 publications

In situ temperature measurements in microwave-heated gas-solid catalytic systems. Detection of hot spots and solid-fluid temperature gradients in the ethylene epoxidation reaction

In situ temperature measurements in microwave-heated gas-solid catalytic systems. Detection of hot spots and solid-fluid temperature gradients in the ethylene epoxidation reaction

The Claisen Rearrangement – Part 2: Impact Factor Analysis of the Claisen Rearrangement, in Batch and in Flow

Microwave Apparatus for Kinetic Studies and in-situ Observations in Hydrothermal or High-Pressure Ionic Liquid System

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