The science and technology of hot compaction

Ward, I. M.; Hine, P. J.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2003.11.050

Cited by 219 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A promising solution is the use of self-reinforced polymers, in which reinforcement and matrix are made from the same polymer. The commercially most important example is self-reinforced polypropylene (SRPP) [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several techniques exist for creating the matrix. The most important techniques are film stacking [9,10], co-extrusion [7,11,12] and hot compaction [1,6,[13][14][15][16][17]. The focus here is on the hot compaction process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By selecting the correct combination of temperature and pressure, it succeeds in selectively melting the outer sheath of the drawn tapes. This molten material then recrystallises to create the matrix [1,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Failure behaviour of self-reinforced polypropylene at and below room temperature

Swolfs

Fonteyne

Baets

et al. 2014

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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Self-reinforced polypropylene is a very tough material. It is even thought that its impact resistance increases with decreasing temperature. This was investigated by examining the constituent tapes and matrix. Tensile tests on both drawn polypropylene tapes and self-reinforced polypropylene were similar: the stiffness increased and the failure strain slightly decreased at low temperatures. The matrix, however, embrittled below room temperature due to the glass transition. In contrast with literature data on Izod impact resistance, the penetration impact resistance did not increase at low temperatures. At lower temperatures, the damaged area after non-penetration impact was significantly reduced. This was caused by a change in the damage mode from tape-matrix debonding to matrix cracking, as the matrix went through its glass transition. These conclusions provide the first understanding of the failure behaviour of self-reinforced polypropylene below room temperature, and can be exploited to further optimise the excellent impact resistance of self-reinforced polymers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Failure behaviour of self-reinforced polypropylene at and below room temperature

Swolfs

Fonteyne

Baets

et al. 2014

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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“…Various techniques such as hot compaction [7], partial dissolution [8], cool drawing [9] and chemical modification [10] have been employed to manufacture self--reinforced composites. Several studies have reported on the successful production of SRCs using a wide variety of polymer fibres, including polyethylene (PE) [11--14], polypropylene (PP) [15,16], polyethylene terephthalate (PET) [17], polyamides [18,19], polylactic acid (PLA) [4,20,21], polyglycolic acid (PGA) [22,23] and polymethylmethacryalate (PMMA) [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of cellulose nanowhiskers on the flexural properties of self-reinforced polylactic acid composites

Hossain

Felfel

Rudd

et al. 2014

Reactive and Functional Polymers

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Abstract:Self--reinforced polylactic acid (SR PLA) composites incorporating cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) were produced by coating orientated PLA fibres with a polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)--CNW mixture as a binder prior to hot compaction at 95 o C. PLA fibres were produced with an average diameter of 11 (± 0.9) µm via a melt--drawing process at 180 o C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the CNWs imparted roughness to the PLA fibre surface. Cross--sectional examination of the SR PLA composites after hot--pressing confirmed that the PLA fibres had maintained their morphology.Incorporation of 8 wt% CNWs within the SR--PLA composites revealed an increase in their flexural strength (48%) and modulus (39%) compared to the control composite (flexural strength~82 MPa and modulus~3.9 GPa). In addition, whilst the control SR--PLA composite revealed quite brittle characteristics, the addition of CNWs and PVAc gave the self--reinforced composite a more ductile behaviour.

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“…A number of different studies have looked into the variation in mechanical properties with compaction temperature, in order to determine the optimum processing conditions: examples include polyethylene [10], polypropylene [13], PET [14] and Nylon [15]. A full review of the science and technology of hot compacted composites from a number of different polyolefins can be found in the review by Ward and Hine [16] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has proved a very useful technique for examining morphological changes over the melting range of each particular oriented fibre or tape, since the enthalpy of melting is a direct measure of the total crystallinity of the composite. In this study, we report the change in mechanical properties and the link to morphology of hot compacted, single polymer polypropylene composites produced from oriented tapes with a range of draw ratios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of draw ratio on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of single polymer polypropylene composites

Foster

Hine

Ward

2016

Polymer

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This is a repository copy of The effect of draw ratio on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of single polymer polypropylene composites. ReuseUnless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. *Graphical Abstract AbstractThe properties of self-reinforced single polymer composites produced by the Leeds hot compaction process are highly dependent on the compaction temperature as well as the constituent oriented elements used to produce the compacted sheets. In this paper, the variation in tensile mechanical properties of uniaxial hot compacted sheets manufactured from drawn polypropylene (PP) tapes with change in compaction temperature have been investigated, for a range of different draw ratio tapes. It is shown that there is a measureable difference between the optimum compaction temperatures required for obtaining the highest modulus and strength in the compacted sheets. The compaction temperature required to achieve the maximum tensile modulus was seen to increase with increasing draw ratio. The compaction temperature to obtain the maximum tensile strength was found to be both independent of the draw ratio and a few degrees higher than that for obtaining the maximum modulus. Peak modulus and peak tensile strength was shown to be dependent on the draw ratio of the drawn tape. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements on the compacted sheets were also performed in order to investigate the change in crystalline structure with compaction temperature and draw ratio. This has shown that the changes in structure within the oriented phase (i.e. tapes) during the compaction process itself are directly related to the final properties of the hot compacted sheets.

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The science and technology of hot compaction

Cited by 219 publications

References 27 publications

Failure behaviour of self-reinforced polypropylene at and below room temperature

Failure behaviour of self-reinforced polypropylene at and below room temperature

The effect of cellulose nanowhiskers on the flexural properties of self-reinforced polylactic acid composites

The effect of draw ratio on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of single polymer polypropylene composites

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