The Science and Theory behind Facial Aging

Farkas, Jordan P.; Pessa, Joel E.; Hubbard, Bradley; Rohrich, Rod J.

doi:10.1097/gox.0b013e31828ed1da

Cited by 120 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…26 Numerous models of age-related facial changes have been proposed, many of which converge on the morphological evolution of the face over time. 27 However, few studies to date have explored the salient facial features involved in age estimation from the perspective of society. 28,29 To our knowledge, this study is the first to use eye-tracking technology to determine where observers look when tasked with assessing an individual's age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Old Do I Look? Exploring the Facial Cues of Age in a Tasked Eye-Tracking Study

Liao

Ishii

Chen

et al. 2020

Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine

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Importance: This is the first eye-tracking study to use a tasked age estimation paradigm to explore the facial cues of age as seen by casual observers. Objectives: Determine where observers gaze on faces when tasked with estimating an individual's age. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a prospective controlled experiment, which took place at an academic tertiary referral center. In total, 220 casual observers (80 untasked, 140 tasked) viewed frontal facial images of women while an infrared eye-tracking monitor recorded their eye movements and fixations in real time. Main Outcomes and Measures: Multivariate Hotelling's analysis followed by planned posthypothesis testing was used to compare fixation durations for predefined regions of interest, including the central triangle, upper face, midface, lower face, and neck between tasked and untasked observers. Results: A total of 80 observers (mean age 23.6 years, 53% female) successfully completed the first untasked eyetracking experiment. A total of 140 observers (mean age 26.1 years, 60% female) successfully completed the second age estimation experiment. On multivariate analysis, there were significant differences in the distribution of attention between observers in the two experiments (T 2 = 99.70; F(5,2084) = 19.9012, p < 0.0001). On planned posthypothesis testing, observers attended significantly more to the lower third of the face (0.20 s, p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.27 s) and neck (0.05 s, p = 0.0074, 95% CI 0.01-0.08 s) and less to the upper third of the face (À0.27 s, p < 0.0001, 95% CI À0.40 to À0.14 s) when tasked. There was no significant difference in time spent on the whole face in the two experiments, suggesting that peripheral elements such as hair color or jewelry did not significantly influence gaze patterns. Conclusions and Relevance: Humans form judgments about others every day of their lives, and age perception colors their every interaction. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use eye tracking to investigate facial cues of age. The results showed that when tasked with estimating age, casual observer visual attention was shifted toward the lower face when compared with those who were untasked. These data inform our understanding of facial age perception and potential areas to target for facial rejuvenation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Old Do I Look? Exploring the Facial Cues of Age in a Tasked Eye-Tracking Study

Liao

Ishii

Chen

et al. 2020

Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine

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“…The aged lower eyelid is typically characterized by skin laxity with wrinkles, protruding orbital fat, and tear trough deformity [1], all of which are potentially caused by aging processes such as bone resorption, attenuation of the retaining ligament and septum, decreases in collagen deposition in the skin and subcutaneous layer, and descending suborbicularis oculi fat [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of polydioxanone thread effects on lid-cheek junction

Hwang¹,

Lee²,

Kang³

2018

J Cosmet Med

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Background: Polydioxanone (PDO) thread is commonly used as a skin rejuvenation material in the field of cosmetic medicine. Its usefulness in the aged eye area was described previously, but, to date, no clinical study has proven it. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the rejuvenation effects of PDO thread on the aged lower eye area thorough quantitative and qualitative analysis. Methods: We examined the changes in the lid-cheek junction in 32 participants who underwent the PDO thread insertion. They were followed up during 12 weeks after PDO thread insertion into the orbital fat area. Participants were categorized into three groups by tear trough grade; the eyelid to junction distance (EJD)/eyebrow to junction distance (BJD) ratio was measured before and after the PDO thread insertion. Differences in EJD to BJD ratio after PDO thread insertion and post-procedural differences in EJD to BJD ratio by tear trough grade were compared by the paired t-test. Results: After PDO insertion into the infraorbital fat pad area, the overall EJD to BJD ratio significantly decreased from 0.35±0.03 to 0.33±0.04 (p=0.001). The significant post-procedural improvements in EJD to BJD ratio were found in grade 1 group and grade 2 group: 0.35±0.03 to 0.34±0.04 for grade 1 group (p=0.02), and 0.34±0.04 to 0.32±0.04 for grade 2 group (p=0.03); however, the changes were not found in the grade 3 group (p=0.21). Conclusion: PDO thread insertion into the aged lower eyelid may be an effective method for improving signs of lower aged eyelid particularly in individuals with tear trough group 1 and group 2.

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“…In the skin ageing process, changes caused by intrinsic factors overlap, also to different extents from person to person. These changes are related to the genetically programmed chronological ageing process and others are due to extrinsic causes, linked to the environment in which we live and our lifestyle, such as exposure of the skin to the ultra violet rays of the sunlight, pollution, smoking and also diet, the main causes of photo-induced skin ageing or photo-ageing [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Trial for Assessing the Effectiveness and Tolerability of the Medical Device Sunekos 200, Applied with Electroporator in Skin Ageing

Rauso¹

2018

CDOAJ

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Background: Assessment of the effectiveness and tolerability, with regard to facial photoageing, of a solution containing a blend of amino acids and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (Sunekos 200), delivered using an electroporator, capable of stimulating the production of new collagen and elastin. Target: The objective of this study was to verify whether the same effects, in terms of effectiveness and tolerability, are achieved when delivering the product Sunekos 200 with an electroporator rather than injecting it. Method: The study was performed on healthy female patients, aged between 45 and 65 years old. 30 patients were treated on the face and 10 patients were treated on the hands. All patients underwent 4 sessions of electric traction every week. The patients were assessed at baseline, after 4 weeks and 1 month after the end of the sessions (T0-T1-T2), using validated clinical scales, subjective and objective assessments (skin checkup) and a photographic evaluation (T0-T1-T2). All the patients were asked to answer a self-assessment questionnaire after the end of the treatment. Results: In all cases, the results obtained showed an improvement in all the clinical and subjective assessments and in most of the objective instrumental parameters. In any case, the clearest results appear in the space of approximately one month, with a distinct visible improvement in the degree of ageing of the skin, its hydration and sebum levels. The overall evaluation expressed by both the volunteers and the testers (Oesse Total Checkup-Casale Monferrato (AL)-Italy), in terms of effectiveness and tolerability, was good/excellent. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm that by delivering Sunekos 200 with an electroporator, as in the intradermal therapy technique, we obtain an improvement in the hydration of the skin, its sebum levels, firmness, and the number of micro-wrinkles on the surface. The results are less visible and less long-lasting than those achieved by introducing the device with intradermal therapy technique.

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The Science and Theory behind Facial Aging

Cited by 120 publications

References 58 publications

How Old Do I Look? Exploring the Facial Cues of Age in a Tasked Eye-Tracking Study

How Old Do I Look? Exploring the Facial Cues of Age in a Tasked Eye-Tracking Study

Quantitative analysis of polydioxanone thread effects on lid-cheek junction

Clinical Trial for Assessing the Effectiveness and Tolerability of the Medical Device Sunekos 200, Applied with Electroporator in Skin Ageing

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