The scintillation performance of one-inch diameter CsI/CsCl/NaCl eutectics grown by the Czochralski method

Advanced Halide Scintillators: From the Bulk to Nano

“…It is worth noting that in this case, the higher refraction index is that of CsI, so that the generated scintillation light is guided out through the host constituent and not through the rod-like NaI:Tl scintillator phase. Scintillation characteristics of eutectic composition from this material family were reported later also in other studies, [87,273,274] focusing on a possibility to prepare larger optical elements for imaging devices; see an example of the grown Tl-doped CsI/CsCl/NaCl eutectic in Figure 12. In this case, the LY of the 12 mm h À1 -pulled sample was about 16 000 ph MeV À1 , that is, 27% of the CsI:Tl standard single-crystal scintillator.…”

“…Apart from using an air-tight CZ system, the procedure requires additional modifications due to hygroscopicity of halides such as baking of the growth chamber prior to the experiment or treating it by a highpurity carrier gas (e.g., Ar) through a molecular sieve; for more details, see, e.g., an article related to the preparation of mixed halides BaBrCl and BaBrCl:Eu. [85] A similar procedure was applied in the case of PbI 2 , [86] eutectics CsI/CsCl/NaCl, [87] or halides with higher hygroscopicity such as CsCe 2 Cl 7 , Cs 2 NaCeCl 6 , [88] and SrI 2 :Eu. [89] The Kyropoulos method is a growth technique derived from the CZ technique and is up to now frequently used for industrial production of large-sized single crystals.…”

High-efficiency luminescent organic–inorganic hybrid manganese(ii) halides applied to X-ray imaging

“…Traditional X-ray scintillators, such as Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce, CsI:Tl, and Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) single crystal, have high light yields but complicated and expensive preparation processes. 16 In recent years, organic metal halide hybrids as a new generation of optoelectronic materials have become a research hotspot for their excellent photoelectric properties, which have promising applications in light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, and Xray detectors. [17][18][19][20] Among them, organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide materials, such as CH 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 , etc., can realize X-ray imaging due to their strong X-ray absorption capacity and effective energy conversion.…”

“…Despite great progress has been made, a significant fact is that lead-based perovskites generally suffer from high toxicity, high cost, and poor stability due to ion mobility properties, which greatly hinder their practical application. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Therefore, there is an urgent demand for developing lead-free organic-metal hybrid materials.…”

Zero‐Dimensional Luminescent Metal Halide Hybrids Enabling Bulk Transparent Medium as Large‐Area X‐Ray Scintillators

“…[8][9][10][11] At present, traditional X-ray scintillators, such as Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce, CsI(Tl), Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 single crystal, have been successfully developed and commercially utilized due to their high light yield and excellent stability, but the performances need further improvement and the preparation process of these materials is still complicated and costly. [12] Recently, emerging metal halide-based scintillators for X-ray detectors show attractive merits of facile fabrication and excellent X-ray response, making them highly competitive with the traditional scintillators. [13][14][15][16] However, the application of metal halide single crystals grown by the solution method is limited by their relatively tiny size and high cost.…”