The Scottish COVID Cancer Immunity Prevalence Study: A Longitudinal Study of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response in Patients Receiving Anti–Cancer Treatment

Abstract

Background Cancer and anti-cancer treatment (ACT) may be risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and limited vaccine efficacy. Long–term longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate these risks. The Scottish COVID cancer immunity prevalence (SCCAMP) study characterizes the incidence and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in patients with solid tumors undergoing ACT. This preliminary analysis includes 766 patients recruited since May 2020. Methods Patients with solid-organ cancers attending secondary care for active ACT consented to the collection of routine electronic health record data and serial blood samples over 12 months. Blood samples were tested for total SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Results A total of 766 participants were recruited between May 28, 2020 and October 31, 2021. Most received cytotoxic chemotherapy (79%). Among the participants, 48 (6.3%) were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Infection rates were unaffected by ACT, largely aligning with the local population. Mortality proportion was not higher with a recent positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR (10.4% vs 10.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed lower infection rates in vaccinated patients regardless of chemotherapy (HR 0.307 [95% CI, 0.144-0.6548]) or immunotherapy (HR 0.314 [95% CI, 0.041-2.367]) treatment. A total of 96.3% of patients successfully raised SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after >2 vaccines. This was independent of the treatment type. Conclusion This is the largest on-going longitudinal real-world dataset of patients undergoing ACT during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. This preliminary analysis demonstrates that patients with solid tumors undergoing ACT have high protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection following COVID-19 vaccination. The SCCAMP study will evaluate long–term COVID-19 antibody trends, focusing on specific ACTs and patient subgroups.

Vaccination of Adults With Cancer: ASCO Guideline

“…After applying the eligibility criteria, 102 studies remained, forming the evidentiary basis for the guideline recommendations: 24 systematic reviews, 11,21-43 14 RCTs, 6,44-56 and 64 nonrandomized studies. 57-84,85-104,105-120…”

“…After applying the eligibility criteria, 102 studies remained, forming the evidentiary basis for the guideline recommendations: 24 systematic reviews, 11, 14 RCTs, 6,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] and 64 nonrandomized studies. [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] The ...…”

A Mannose-Modified Lipid Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle Vaccine Increased the Anti-Tumor Immune Response by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment

“…This makes it easier for antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells, to take in and process these antigens, which then causes immune cells to recognize and respond to the tumor antigens. In addition, mannose modification is able to interact with specific receptors on the surface of tumor cells to promote intracellular phagocytosis and the internal presentation of nanoparticles [172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180]. Finally, the release of these immune stimulators and the presentation of tumor antigens will activate the body's immune system, especially promoting the activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells and B cells, thus strengthening the immune response to tumors [181][182][183][184].…”

Serological Response to COVID-19 Vaccination is Impaired in Adults with Hematologic Malignancies when Compared to Adults with Solid Tumors and HIV: Observations from a Single Tertiary Institution

“…Likewise, PWHM who are receiving medications that target B-cells, including rituximab and other B-cell depleting monoclonal antibody therapy [7,8] as well as Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) [9] have an extremely low rate of seroconversion after vaccination. In contrast, people with myeloproliferative malignancies [10] , solid tumors (ST) on antineoplastic therapy [11] , and human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) [12] have higher rates of detectable antibodies after vaccination against COVID-19, suggesting that humoral immunity may be better preserved in these individuals. Given the ongoing shifts in predominant COVID-19 strains and uncertainties regarding the consequences of infection and reinfection [13] , it is crucial to identify individuals who are at a high risk of non-response to COVID-19 vaccination.…”