“…The hierarchical character of EU economic governance has likewise been deliberately strengthened through a succession of crisis-inspired measures such as the Six-Pack, Fiscal Treaty, and Two-Pack, which subject member states' fiscal, budgetary, and macroeconomic policies to increasingly close scrutiny by the Commission and the Council through the new 'European Semester' of policy coordination, backed up by stronger and putatively more 'automatic' sanctions for persistent failures to correct excessive deficits and imbalances. Such developments have been widely viewed as a substantial increase in executive power within the EU (Chalmers 2012;Crum 2013;Curtin 2014), whether understood as the ascendancy of intergovernmentalism (Bickerton et al 2015), the reinforcement of supranationalism (Bauer and Becker 2014), or a combination of the two (Dawson 2015).…”