The <scp>P</scp>harmacologic and <scp>C</scp>linical <scp>E</scp>ffects of <scp>M</scp>edical <scp>C</scp>annabis

Borgelt, Laura M.; Franson, Kari L.; Nussbaum, Abraham M.; Wang, George S.

doi:10.1002/phar.1187

Cited by 402 publications

(375 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…En este sentido, la activación de los receptores CB1 por parte de cannabis y sus derivados podría tener un efecto beneficioso en la inhibición de la espasticidad. La sinergia analgésica dada por la inhibición de la transmisión del impulso nervioso y el efecto antiespástico que involucra a cannabis y sus derivados en este cuadro, permite que el efecto analgésico neto sea muy efectivo 29,37,41,[43][44][45] . Sin embargo, otros autores presentan resultados contradictorios.…”

Section: Cannabis Y Dolorunclassified

Potencial uso terapéutico de cannabis

et al. 2017

Rev. méd. Chile

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Section: Cannabis Y Dolorunclassified

Potencial uso terapéutico de cannabis

et al. 2017

Rev. méd. Chile

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“…Marijuana has been used to treat various ailments including seizures, chronic pain, cachexia from HIV/AIDS, muscle spasm, migraines, PTSDH, and glaucoma [76]. The prevalence of use and medical indications of marijuana in the pediatric population continue to grow.…”

Section: Medical Use In Pediatricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Concerns Due to Expanded Cannabis Use: Unintended Consequences of Legalization

Wang

2016

J. Med. Toxicol.

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An "unintended consequence" of marijuana legalization is the impact on the pediatric population. From prenatal exposure to unintentional childhood exposures, through concerns of adolescence abuse and marijuana use for medicinal indications in children, marijuana exposure can affect pediatric patients at every stage in childhood. Regardless of the stage or reason of exposure, concerns exist about short-term and long-term consequences in a child's physical and mental health. The use of cannabidiol (CBD) may have some benefit for the treatment of epilepsy, but emphasis needs to be on rigorous clinical trials to evaluate efficacy and safety. As more states allow both medical and recreational marijuana, availability and prevalence of use will likely increase and more surveillance and research is needed to evaluate the consequences on the pediatric population.

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“…A recent condensed review on pharmacological and clinical effects of C. sativa derived medicine is also given by Borgelt et al (2013).…”

Section: Human Pharmacological and Toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

2015

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin. THC, more precisely delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. In fresh plant material, up to 90 % of total Δ 9 -THC is present as the non-psychoactive precursor Δ 9 -THC acid. Since few data on ∆ 9 -THC levels in foods of animal origin were available, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) estimated acute human dietary exposure to ∆ 9 -THC combining different scenarios for the presence of ∆ 9 -THC in hemp seed-derived feed materials. Acute exposure to ∆ 9 -THC from the consumption of milk and dairy products ranged between 0.001 and 0.03 µg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day in adults, and 0.006 and 0.13 µg/kg b.w. per day in toddlers. From human data, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 2.5 mg Δ 9 -THC/day, corresponding to 0.036 mg Δ 9 -THC/kg b.w. per day, represents the lowest observed adverse effect level. By applying an overall uncertainty factor of 30, an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 1 μg Δ 9 -THC/kg b.w. was derived. The exposure estimates are at most 3 % and 13 % the ARfD, in adults and toddlers, respectively. The CONTAM Panel concluded that exposure to ∆ 9 -THC via consumption of milk and dairy products, resulting from the use of hemp seed-derived feed materials at the reported concentrations, is unlikely to pose a health concern. A risk assessment resulting from the use of whole hemp plant-derived feed materials is currently not feasible due to a lack of occurrence data. The CONTAM Panel could also not conclude on the possible risks to public health from exposure to ∆ 9 -THC via consumption of animal tissues and eggs, due to a lack of data on the potential transfer and fate of ∆ 9 -THC. Tetrahydrocannabinol, more precisely delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is the most relevant constituent derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Four stereoisomers of Δ 9 -THC are possible, with (-)-trans-Δ 9 -THC being the only naturally occurring isomer. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, which is found in the growing and harvested plant, is the biosynthetic precursor of Δ 9 -THC. Besides 2-COOH-Δ 9 -THC, which in this opinion is referred to as Δ 9 -THCA-A, another positional isomer, 4-COOH-Δ 9 -THC, denoted as Δ 9-THCA-B, may also occur in the hemp plant. In fresh plant material of C. sativa, up to 90 % of the 'total' Δ 9 -THC is present as the non-psychoactive precursor Δ 9 -THCA-A. The rate and extent of transformation of the precursor acids into Δ 9 -THC in the plant material is dependent on physical effects, in particular temperature. In addition to Δ 9 -THC, C. sativa preparations may contain at least 60 other cannabinoids, several of which are biologically active. This risk assessment does not evaluate the exposure and associated risks of cannabis used as a medicinal drug or for recreational purposes, but as requested in the ter...

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The Pharmacologic and Clinical Effects of Medical Cannabis

Cited by 402 publications

References 77 publications

Potencial uso terapéutico de cannabis

Potencial uso terapéutico de cannabis

Pediatric Concerns Due to Expanded Cannabis Use: Unintended Consequences of Legalization

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

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