The <scp>XX</scp> Sex Chromosome Complement is Required in Male and Female Mice for Enhancement of Immunity Induced by Exposure to 3,4‐Dichloropropionanilide

Holásková, Ida; Franko, Jennifer; Goodman, Robert L.; Arnold, Arthur P.; Schafer, Rosana

doi:10.1111/aji.12378

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Ovariectomy of XY females, however, had less effect on body weight, and on onset and acrophase of food intact, than in XX females. This is not likely due to differences in levels of gonadal hormones in the XX vs. XY females, as several studies report similar levels of testosterone and of estradiol in FCG mice of the same sex (Gatewood et al, 2006; Sasidhar et al, 2012, Corre et al, 2014; Holaskova et al, 2015). Moreover, anogenital distance does not differ in postnatal XX vs. XY mice of the same sex, suggesting that SCC does not after prenatal levels of androgens in either sex, which affect anogenital distance (Itoh et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Sex differences in diurnal rhythms of food intake in mice caused by gonadal hormones and complement of sex chromosomes

Chen

Wang

Loh

et al. 2015

Hormones and Behavior

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We measured diurnal rhythms of food intake, as well as body weight and composition, while varying three major classes of sex-biasing factors: activational and organizational effects of gonadal hormones, and sex chromosome complement (SCC). Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice, comprising XX and XY gonadal males and XX and XY gonadal females, were either gonad-intact or gonadectomized (GDX) as adults (2.5 months); food intake was measured second-by-second for 7 days starting 5 weeks later, and body weight and composition were measured for 22 weeks thereafter. Gonadal males weighed more than females. GDX increased body weight/fat of gonadal females, but increased body fat and reduced body weight of males. After GDX, XX mice had greater body weight and more fat than XY mice. In gonad-intact mice, males had greater total food intake and more meals than females during the dark phase, but females had more food intake and meals and larger meals than males during the light phase. GDX reduced overall food intake irrespective of gonad type or SCC, and eliminated differences in feeding between groups with different gonads. Diurnal phase of feeding was influenced by all three sex-biasing variables. Gonad-intact females had earlier onset and acrophase (peak) of feeding relative to males. GDX caused a phase-advance of feeding, especially in XX mice, leading to an earlier onset of feeding in GDX XX vs. XY mice, but earlier acrophase in GDX males relative to females. Gonadal hormones and SCC interact in the control of diurnal rhythms of food intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Sex differences in diurnal rhythms of food intake in mice caused by gonadal hormones and complement of sex chromosomes

Chen

Wang

Loh

et al. 2015

Hormones and Behavior

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“…The sex chromosome effect therefore occurs robustly under distinctly different hormonal conditions. Moreover, comparison of XX and XY FCG mice with the same type of gonad has uncovered no prenatal or adult XX-XY difference in levels of gonadal hormones [38,[46][47][48][49][50].…”

Section: Test Cases Showing Effects Of X Chromosome Number (A) Sex Dimentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of having two X chromosomes

Arnold

Reue

Eghbali

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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100

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Historically, it was thought that the number of X chromosomes plays little role in causing sex differences in traits. Recently, selected mouse models have been used increasingly to compare mice with the same type of gonad but with one versus two copies of the X chromosome. Study of these models demonstrates that mice with one X chromosome can be strikingly different from those with two X chromosomes, when the differences are not attributable to confounding group differences in gonadal hormones. The number of X chromosomes affects adiposity and metabolic disease, cardiovascular ischaemia/reperfusion injury and behaviour. The effects of X chromosome number are likely the result of inherent differences in expression of X genes that escape inactivation, and are therefore expressed from both X chromosomes in XX mice, resulting in a higher level of expression when two X chromosomes are present. The effects of X chromosome number contribute to sex differences in disease phenotypes, and may explain some features of X chromosome aneuploidies such as in Turner and Klinefelter syndromes.

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“…This is because the presence of two X chromosomes in the germ cells leads to early spermatogenic failure [57, 58]. Nevertheless, XXM testes secrete androgens and the levels in XXM and XYM have been reported to be equivalent in adults [9, 52, 59, 60]; furthermore, numerous traits sensitive to testosterone levels during development are similar in XXM and XYM [44, 51, 61, 62]. For example, the anogenital distance is the same in XXM and XYM mice, and smaller in XXF and XYF relative to males, suggesting that the prenatal androgen levels that masculinize anogenital distance are similar in the XXM and XYM [51].…”

Section: Important Caveats Relating To the Fcg Crossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…XXM are also reported to have elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) relative to XYM from before puberty to age 5 months [9]. However, numerous studies have compared levels of testosterone in adult XXM and XYM, or of estradiol in adult XXF and XYF, and none has uncovered differences in plasma gonadal steroid levels to date [9, 52, 59, 60, 63–65]. …”

Section: Important Caveats Relating To the Fcg Crossmentioning

confidence: 99%

A primer on the use of mouse models for identifying direct sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues

2016

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In animals with heteromorphic sex chromosomes, all sex differences originate from the sex chromosomes, which are the only factors that are consistently different in male and female zygotes. In mammals, the imbalance in Y gene expression, specifically the presence vs. absence of Sry, initiates the differentiation of testes in males, setting up lifelong sex differences in the level of gonadal hormones, which in turn cause many sex differences in the phenotype of non-gonadal tissues. The inherent imbalance in the expression of X and Y genes, or in the epigenetic impact of X and Y chromosomes, also has the potential to contribute directly to the sexual differentiation of non-gonadal cells. Here, we review the research strategies to identify the X and Y genes or chromosomal regions that cause direct, sexually differentiating effects on non-gonadal cells. Some mouse models are useful for separating the effects of sex chromosomes from those of gonadal hormones. Once direct “sex chromosome effects” are detected in these models, further studies are required to narrow down the list of candidate X and/or Y genes and then to identify the sexually differentiating genes themselves. Logical approaches to the search for these genes are reviewed here.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0115-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The XX Sex Chromosome Complement is Required in Male and Female Mice for Enhancement of Immunity Induced by Exposure to 3,4‐Dichloropropionanilide

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Sex differences in diurnal rhythms of food intake in mice caused by gonadal hormones and complement of sex chromosomes

Sex differences in diurnal rhythms of food intake in mice caused by gonadal hormones and complement of sex chromosomes

The importance of having two X chromosomes

A primer on the use of mouse models for identifying direct sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues

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