The search for an input-coding scheme: Transposed-letter priming in Arabic

Perea, Manuel; Mallouh, Reem Abu; Carreiras, Manuel

doi:10.3758/pbr.17.3.375

Cited by 64 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This effect has been observed both in adults (e.g., Andrews, 1996;Acha & Perea, 2008b, 2010Bruner & O'Dowd, 1958;Chambers, 1979;Christianson, Johnson, & Rayner, 2005;Forster, Davis, Schoknecht, & Carter, 1987;García-Orza, Perea, & Muñoz, 2010;Holmes & Ng, 1993;Johnson & Dunne, 2012;Kinoshita & Norris, 2009;Lupker, Perea, & Davis, 2008;O'Connor & Forster, 1981;Perea & Acha, 2009b;Perea & Carreiras, 2006a, 2006b, 2006cPerea & Lupker, 2003a, 2003bPerea, Mallouh, & Carreiras, 2010;Perea, Duñabeitia, & Carreiras, 2008;Perea & Pérez, 2009;Perea, Winskel, & Ratitamkul, 2012;Schoonbaert & Grainger, 2004;Taft & Van Graan, 1998;Velan & Frost, 2011) and in children (Acha & Perea, 2008a;Castles, Davis, Cavalot, & Forster, 2007;Kohnen & Castles, 2013;Lété & Fayol, 2013;Paterson, Read, McGowan, & Jordan, 2015;Perea & Estévez, 2008;TiffinRichards & Schroeder, 2015). Transposed letter effects have also been reported for silent sentence reading (see Acha & Perea, 2008b;Blythe, Johnson, Liversedge, & Rayner, 2014;Johnso...…”

Section: The Transposed Letter Effectmentioning

confidence: 93%

Parafoveal preprocessing of word initial trigrams during reading in adults and children.

Pagán

Blythe

Liversedge

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Although previous research has shown that letter position information for the first letter of a parafoveal word is encoded less flexibly than internal word beginning letters (Johnson, Perea & Rayner, 2007;White et al., 2008), it is not clear how positional encoding operates over the initial trigram in English. This experiment explored the preprocessing of letter identity and position information of a parafoveal word's initial trigram by adults and children using the boundary paradigm during normal sentence reading. Seven previews were generated: Identity (captain); transposed letter and substituted letter nonwords in Positions 1 and 2 (acptain-imptain); 1 and 3 (pactain-gartain), and 2 and 3 (cpatain-cgotain). Results showed a transposed letter effect (TLE) in Position 13 for gaze duration in the pretarget word; and TLE in Positions 12 and 23 but not in Position 13 in the target word for both adults and children. These findings suggest that children, similar to adults, extract letter identity and position information flexibly using a spatial coding mechanism; supporting isolated word recognition models such as SOLAR (Davis, 1999(Davis, , 2010 and SERIOL (Whitney, 2001) models.Keywords: letter position encoding, parafoveal preview, eye movements, childrenThe purpose of this study was to examine how letter identity and position information are encoded during lexical identification in sentence reading by children and adults. Specifically, in this study, parafoveal preprocessing of letter identity and position information in a word's initial trigram by children and adults during silent sentence reading was explored. Parafoveal Preprocessing in Children and AdultsResearch in parafoveal preprocessing in adults, using gazecontingent change paradigms (McConkie & Rayner, 1975;Rayner, 1975), has shown that readers not only process the fixated word but also extract some visual and linguistic information from the next word in the sentence, before it is directly fixated (see Schotter, Angele, & Rayner, 2012 for a review). Studies using the moving window paradigm have shown that in skilled readers, the effective visual field in reading (the perceptual span) extends over an asymmetrical area from 3-4 characters spaces to the left of the fixated word to 14 -15 character spaces to the right of fixation in alphabetic languages (McConkie & Rayner, 1975). Word identification occurs in the area closest to fixation (between 3 and 4 letters to the left and 6 or 7 letters to the right of fixation; Rayner & Bertera, 1979;Rayner, Inhoff, Morrison, Slowiaczek, & Bertera, 1981).With respect to the size of the effective visual field in reading for children, studies have shown that the perceptual span increases with age. Thus, 7-to 9-year-old children were found to have a perceptual span of 3 to 4 letter spaces to the left of fixation and 11 letters to the right; while the span was 3 to 4 letters spaces to the left and 14 letters to the right of fixation in 11-year-old children (Häikiö, Bertram, Hyönä & Niemi, 2009;Rayner, 1986;Sperlich, Sch...

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Section: The Transposed Letter Effectmentioning

confidence: 93%

Parafoveal preprocessing of word initial trigrams during reading in adults and children.

Pagán

Blythe

Liversedge

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…All of these models assume that the underlying structure of words is a plain string of letters or bigrams. However, the fact that transposed-letter effects are influenced by onset-coda structure (e.g., Taft & Krebs-Lazendic, 2013), morphological structure (e.g., Perea, abu Mallouh, & Carreiras, 2010;Velan & Frost, 2009), and the CV pattern (Chetail, Drabs, & Content, in press) argues for richer and more complex orthographic representations, beyond linear letter strings. The present study provides further support for this view.…”

Section: Implications For Models Of Orthographic Encodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

What can megastudies tell us about the orthographic structure of English words?

Chetail

Balota

Treiman

2015

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Although the majority of research in visual word recognition has targeted single-syllable words, most words are polysyllabic. These words engender special challenges, one of which concerns their analysis into smaller units. According to a recent hypothesis, the organization of letters into groups of successive consonants (C) and vowels (V) constrains the orthographic structure of printed words. So far, evidence has been reported only in French with factorial studies of relatively small sets of items. In the present study, we performed regression analyses on corpora of megastudies (English and British Lexicon Project databases) to examine the influence of the CV pattern in English. We compared hiatus words, which present a mismatch between the number of syllables and the number of groups of adjacent vowel letters (e.g., client), to other words, controlling for standard lexical variables. In speeded pronunciation, hiatus words were processed more slowly than control words, and the effect was stronger in low-frequency words. In the lexical decision task, the interference effect of hiatus in low-frequency words was balanced by a facilitatory effect in high-frequency words. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that the configuration of consonant and vowel letters influences the processing of polysyllabic words in English.

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“…To avoid physical continuity between primes and targets, primes were presented in smaller size than the targets. This guaranteed complete visual masking of the primes by the targets and also made the primes and the targets physically distinct (for similar procedures, see, e.g., Frost, Kugler, Deutsch, & Forster, 2005;Garcia-Orza et al, 2010;Perea, Abu Mallouh, & Carreiras, 2010;Perea & Pérez 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%