The Search for Dietary Supplements to Elevate or Activate Circulating Paraoxonases

Abstract

Low levels of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) have been associated with the development of several pathological conditions, whereas high levels have been shown to be anti-atherosclerotic in mouse models. These findings suggest that PON1 could be a good surrogate biomarker. The other members of the family, namely PON2 and PON3, the role of which has been much less studied, deserve more attention. This paper provides a systematic review of current evidence concerning dietary supplements in that regard. Preliminary studies indicate that the response to dietary supplements may have a nutrigenetic aspect that will need to be considered in large population studies or in clinical trials. A wide range of plant preparations have been found to have a positive action, with pomegranate and some of its components being the best characterized and Aronia melanocarpa one of the most active. Flavonoids are found in the composition of all active extracts, with catechins and genistein being the most promising agents for increasing PON1 activity. However, some caveats regarding the dose, length of treatment, bioavailability, and stability of these compounds in formulations still need to be addressed. Once these issues have been resolved, these compounds could be included as nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of increasing PON1 activity, thereby helping with the long-term prevention of atherosclerosis and other chronic ailments.

Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis‐related diseases

“…There are many ways to increase PON1 potency by nutritional, lifestyle, and pharmacological intervention . Lou‐Bonafonte and colleagues proposed different protocols with nutraceuticals and functional foods to enhance the protective role of PONs. However, the human body can be refractory to the consumption of nutrients aimed to enhance metabolic and other enzymatic activities including those of the PONs.…”

Efecto de la Paraoxonasa 1 sobre la salud y su modulación a través de la dieta

“…La aterosclerosis es un desorden crónico de la pared arterial que comienza con la acumulación de grasa y gradualmente se forman placas ateroscleróticas. El nivel de HDL en plasma está inversamente correlacionado con la aterosclerosis, su efecto benéfico es en gran parte atribuido a su propiedad antioxidante mediada por la PON1 9 .…”

“…Es bien conocida la relación entre el desarrollo de la aterosclerosis y las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), así como la función ateroprotectora de las HDL, puesto que son encargadas del transporte reverso del colesterol y también por su contenido de proteínas antioxidantes, dentro de las cuales la PON1 es la que presenta una mayor actividad antioxidante 9 .…”

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Protection by Vitamin E: A Matter of Treatment Strategy?

“…Beyond the Hp2-2 genotype, other genotypes may affect the outcome of vitamin E supplementation. Several studies demonstrated an impact of e.g., apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype [ 246 , 247 , 248 ] and Paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) genotype [ 249 , 250 ] on vitamin E. For example, the apoE4 genotype represents a significant risk factor for CVD. ApoE4 may be associated with lower vitamin E retention in peripheral tissues, possibly related to a combination of several factors: An increased α-TOH retention in LDL, an impaired cellular vitamin E delivery system, a reduced expression of lipoprotein receptors, and an increased intracellular degradation of vitamin E [ 248 ].…”