The Seasonal and Stage-Specific Expression Patterns of HMGB2 Suggest Its Key Role in Spermatogenesis in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

Li, Wei; Zhu, Junxian; Luo, Lei; Chen, Chen; Liu, Xiaoli; Wang, Yakun; Hong, Xiaoyou; Yu, Lingyun; Xu, Hongyan; Zhu, Xinping

doi:10.1007/s10528-022-10229-0

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The HMGB1 gene deletion in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) leads to chromosomal abnormalities, moderate shortening of telomere lengths, and lower telomerase activity compared to the WT MEFs, while HMGB2 gene deletion (hmgb2¯) MEFs show elevated telomerase activity suggesting their opposite effects on telomerase activity (Polanskáet al, 2012). HMGB2 also has a major role in male fertility and spermatogenesis (Ronfani et al, 2001;Li et al, 2022). Recent reports suggest a role for PfHMGB1 in the integrity of centromere/telomere-based chromosome organization and thus regulation of gene expression (Lu et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mammalian HMGB2 was initially identified as a male fertility regulator with high expression in lymphoid organs and testes (Ronfani et al, 2001). HMGB2 also plays a key role in spermatogenesis in turtles (Li et al, 2022). P. falciparum has four HMGB family proteins (PfHMGB1 -4), which show transcriptional expression during the erythrocytic stages (López-Barragań et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is reported to be refractory to gene deletion (Lu et al, 2021), although a piggy bac mutagenesis study was able to report disruption and parasite survival with a compromised growth (Zhang et al, 2018). Since HMGB2 has a role in male fertility and spermatogenesis in other species (Ronfani et al, 2001;Li et al, 2022), we sought to determine its role in parasite sexual stage biology and transmission to the mosquito vector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PfHMGB2 has a role in malaria parasite mosquito infection

Kumar

Kappe

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Differentiation of asexually replicating parasites into gametocytes is critical for successful completion of the sexual phase of the malaria parasite life cycle. Gametes generated from gametocytes fuse to form a zygote which differentiates into ookinetes and oocysts. The sporozoites are formed inside oocysts which migrate to the salivary glands for next cycle of human infection. These morphologically and functionally distinct stages require stage-specific gene expression via specific transcriptional regulators. The capacity of high mobility group box (HMGB) proteins to interact with DNA in a sequence independent manner enables them to regulate higher order chromosome organization and regulation of gene expression. Plasmodium falciparum HMGB2 (PfHMGB2) shows a typical L- shaped predicted structure which is similar to mammalian HMG box proteins and shows very high protein sequence similarity to PyHMGB2 and PbHMGB2. Functional characterization of PfHMGB2 by gene deletion (Pfhmgb2¯) showed that knockout parasites develop normally as asexual stages and undergo gametocytogenesis. Transmission experiments revealed that Pfhmgb2¯ can infect mosquitoes and develop as oocyst stages. However, transmission was reduced compared to wild type (WT) parasites and as a consequence, the salivary gland sporozoites were reduced in number. In summary, we demonstrate that PfHMGB2 has no role in asexual growth and a modest role in sexual phase development and parasite transmission to the mosquito.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PfHMGB2 has a role in malaria parasite mosquito infection

Kumar

Kappe

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…The expression pattern of Spats 1 in this experiment implies that Spats 1 expression is seasonally influenced and closely related to spermatogenesis and release. Interestingly, a recent report on P. sinensis mentioned that the expression pattern of high-mobility group box 2 (Hmgb2) in the testes also strongly correlates with the season [ 44 ]. Therefore, we speculated that Spats1 regulates sperm production and release and might be affected by effective accumulative temperature [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and Characterization of the Spats1 Gene and Its Response to E2/MT Treatment in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

Luo

Zhu

Chen

et al. 2022

Animals

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Spats1 (spermatogenesis-associated, serinerich 1) has been characterized as a male-biased gene which acts an important role in the germ cell differentiation of mammals. Nevertheless, the function of Spats1 in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (P. sinensis) has not yet been reported. To initially explore the expression of Spats1 in P. sinensis and its response to sex steroid treatment, we cloned the CDS of Spats1 for the first time and analyzed its expression profile in different tissues, including the testes in different seasons. The Spats1 cDNA fragment is 1201 base pairs (bp) in length and contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 849 bp, which codes for 283 amino acids. Spats1 mRNA was highly expressed in the testes (p < 0.01) and barely detectable in other tissues. In P. sinensis, the relative expression of Spats1 also responsive to seasonal changes in testis development. In summer (July) and autumn (October), Spats1 gene expression was significantly higher in the testes than in other seasons (p < 0.05). Spats1 mRNA was found to be specifically expressed in germ cells by chemical in situ hybridization (CISH), and it was mainly located in primary spermatocytes (Sc1), secondary spermatocytes (Sc2) and spermatozoa (St). Spats1 expression in embryos was not significantly changed after 17α-methyltestosterone (MT)and 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment. In adults, MT significantly induced Spats1 expression in male P. sinensis. However, the expression of Spats1 in testes was not responsive to E2 treatment. In addition, the expression of Spats1 in females was not affected by either MT or E2 treatment. These results imply that Spats1 is a male-specific expressed gene that is mainly regulated by MT and is closely linked to spermatogenesis and release in P. sinensis.

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“…Interestingly, HMGB2 is also expressed in all immortalized human and mouse cells, possibly helping to overcome replication limitations [63]. In experiments with mice, HMGB2 gene knockout has been shown to be non-lethal (unlike HMGB1 knockout mice which do not reach reproductive age), but males have reduced fertility and impaired spermatogenesis [64][65][66]. HMGB2 knockout female mice show oocytes which are both decreased in number and are less likely to be fertilized [67].…”

Section: Location In the Genome And Expression Level Of Hmgb2 At Diff...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Functions of HMGB2 Protein

Starkova

Polyanichko

Tomilin

et al. 2023

IJMS

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High-Mobility Group (HMG) chromosomal proteins are the most numerous nuclear non-histone proteins. HMGB domain proteins are the most abundant and well-studied HMG proteins. They are involved in variety of biological processes. HMGB1 and HMGB2 were the first members of HMGB-family to be discovered and are found in all studied eukaryotes. Despite the high degree of homology, HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins differ from each other both in structure and functions. In contrast to HMGB2, there is a large pool of works devoted to the HMGB1 protein whose structure–function properties have been described in detail in our previous review in 2020. In this review, we attempted to bring together diverse data about the structure and functions of the HMGB2 protein. The review also describes post-translational modifications of the HMGB2 protein and its role in the development of a number of diseases. Particular attention is paid to its interaction with various targets, including DNA and protein partners. The influence of the level of HMGB2 expression on various processes associated with cell differentiation and aging and its ability to mediate the differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells are also discussed.

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The Seasonal and Stage-Specific Expression Patterns of HMGB2 Suggest Its Key Role in Spermatogenesis in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

PfHMGB2 has a role in malaria parasite mosquito infection

PfHMGB2 has a role in malaria parasite mosquito infection

Expression and Characterization of the Spats1 Gene and Its Response to E2/MT Treatment in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

Structure and Functions of HMGB2 Protein

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