The seasonality of bacterial quality of water in a tropical developing country (Sierra Leone)

Wright, R. C.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400062550

Cited by 49 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These results confirm the findings of other studies which have found highest bacterial counts in the transition between the dry and wet seasons (Moore, de la Cruz & Vargas-Mendez, 1965;Feachem, 1974;Barrell & Rowland, 1979;Wright, 1986). In countries with pronounced dry and wet seasons, many of the sources available in the wet season dry up completely as the dry season progresses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This seasonality varies by geographical area and the accompanying pattern of rainfall, temperature, type of water source and human behaviour. Generalizations about the peak pollution period cannot be made (Wright, 1986), as demonstrated by the contradictory findings of a number of studies from different countries (Feachem, 1974;Feachem et al 1978;Muhammed & Morrison, 1975;Barrell & Rowland, 1979;Bagde & Varma, 1982;Wright, 1986). Some studies have examined the transition periods between seasons and found a peak in the level of contamination at the start of the rains (Moore, de la Cruz & Vargas-Mendez, 1965;Feachem, 1974;Barrell & Rowland, 1979;Wright, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The bacteriological quality of traditional water sources in north-eastern Imo State, Nigeria

et al. 1987

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SUMMARYMonthly bacteriological water testing of traditional water sources (ponds, rivers, unprotected springs and traditional wells) used by five villages in northeastern Imo State, Nigeria, was conducted during the period January 1983 to August 1985. The membrane-filtration technique was used to detect faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS). Evidence of faecal pollution was seen throughout the year for all water sources. During the study period, the monthly geometric mean counts per 100 ml of water (all sources combined) ranged from 760 to 17 877 for FC and from 678 to 17 394 for FS. The peak period of faecal pollution occurred during the transition between the dry and wet seasons and in the early wet season. During this peak pollution season (February-May), the geometric mean counts were 2-5-7-2 times higher than in the remaining part of the year for all source types except rivers, with ponds being the most heavily polluted. Preliminary findings on the sensitivity and specificity, in this tropical environment, of the standard membrane-filtration technique for enumerating FC are presented. The implications of the findings of this study for the environmental control of waterborne and hygiene-related diseases are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bacteriological quality of traditional water sources in north-eastern Imo State, Nigeria

et al. 1987

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“…It has long been recognized that total coliform proliferate in nature [6]. Data have also shown that fecal coliform, E. coli, and entorococci are found in the environment in the absence of a known sewage source of contamination [7][8][9] and have been shown to multiply within warm tropical environments [10][11][12][13][14]. Given the problems associated with microbial regrowth the State of Hawaii currently utilizes C. perfringens, a spore-forming obligate anaerobe, to supplement its beach water monitoring program.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring marine recreational water quality using multiple microbial indicators in an urban tropical environment

et al. 2004

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The microbial water quality at two beaches, Hobie Beach and Crandon Beach, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA was measured using multiple microbial indicators for the purpose of evaluating correlations between microbes and for identifying possible sources of contamination. The indicator microbes chosen for this study (enterococci, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, total coliform and C. perfringens) were evaluated through three different sampling efforts. These efforts included daily measurements at four locations during a wet season month and a dry season month, spatially intensive water sampling during low-and high-tide periods, and a sand sampling effort. Results indicated that concentrations did not vary in a consistent fashion between one indicator microbe and another. Daily water quality frequently exceeded guideline levels at Hobie Beach for all indicator microbes except for fecal coliform, which never exceeded the guideline. Except for total coliform, the concentrations of microbes did not change significantly between seasons in spite of the fact that the physicalchemical parameters (rainfall, temperature, pH, and salinity) changed significantly between the two monitoring periods. Spatially intense water sampling showed that the concentrations of microbes were significantly different with distance from the shoreline. The highest concentrations were observed at shoreline points and decreased at offshore points. Furthermore, the highest concentrations of indicator microbe concentrations were observed at high tide, when the wash zone area of the beach was submerged. Beach sands within the wash zone tested positive for all indicator microbes, thereby suggesting that this zone may serve as the source of indicator microbes. Ultimate sources of indicator microbes to this zone may include humans, animals, and possibly the survival and regrowth of indicator microbes due to the unique environmental conditions found within this zone. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the concentrations of indicator microbes do not necessarily correlate with one another. Exceedence of water quality guidelines, and thus the frequency of beach advisories, depends upon which indicator microbe is chosen.

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“…Microbial contamination of drinking water had been reported in various communities in the developing world [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Non-treatment or insufficient treatment of drinking water to acceptable international standards has been noted in such countries [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological quality of potable water sources supplying Morogoro municipality and its outskirts: a case study in Tanzania.

Jiwa¹,

Mugula

Msangi

1991

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYBacteriological quality of potable water supplying Morogoro municipality and its outskirts (population 135000 people) was assessed by the determination of the most probable number (MPN) of faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens for a period of 6 months. River water and chlorinated pipeborne water were found contaminated with microorganisms in the order of 3 8 x 101 to 4 95 x 103; 3 2 x 101 to 4 5 x 103; 10' to 6 4 x 101 and 1P2 x 101 to 25 x 102/100 ml of water respectively. Injured coliforms in treated water averaged 87 %. Pollution of river water by organic matter was much above acceptable standard. These findings indicate that there is a need for further treatment of water before consumption in order to avoid potential health hazards.

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The seasonality of bacterial quality of water in a tropical developing country (Sierra Leone)

Cited by 49 publications

References 6 publications

The bacteriological quality of traditional water sources in north-eastern Imo State, Nigeria

The bacteriological quality of traditional water sources in north-eastern Imo State, Nigeria

Monitoring marine recreational water quality using multiple microbial indicators in an urban tropical environment

Bacteriological quality of potable water sources supplying Morogoro municipality and its outskirts: a case study in Tanzania.

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