“…In a tightly regulated manner, these second messengers may be recycled by further phosphorylation of Ins(1, 4, 5)P 3 to Ins(1, 3, 4, 5)P 4 by Ins (1, 4, 5) P 3 3-kinase (IP3K), or dephosphorylation to Ins(1, 4)P 2 by inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (IPPase). To date, most molecular characterizations, expression pattern analyses and biochemical studies have focused on key PI pathway-related proteins including PIS [5], PI4K [6][7][8], PIP5K [9][10][11][12][13], PLC [14,15], PLD [16], PLA 1 [17], PLA 2 [18,19], PI 3-kinase (PI3K) [20], IPPase [21] and inositol 1, 3, 4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase (IP 3 5/6K) [22]. In contrast, little attention has been paid to other proteins such as inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP 3 R) and PI transfer protein (PITP), and there are many other signal molecules yet to be investigated within this pathway.…”