The Secondary Emission Multiplier-A New Electronic Device

Zworykin, V. K.; Morton, G. A.; Malter, L.

doi:10.1109/jrproc.1936.226435

Cited by 84 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…While early on, Hertz 89 studied the effect of light on an electrical discharge, and others developed what evolved into the photoelectric cell (see, for example, the work of Elster and Geitel 90 ), it was not until the development of the electron multiplier that the signal from a single photon could be observed. As part of an intense race to develop a workable electronic television, a photosensitive element and an electron multiplier were combined in the 1930s by Iams and Salzberg 91 and Zworykin 92 at RCA and Kubetsky 93 in the former Soviet Union. The PMT first demonstrated single-photon sensitivity very soon after these developments.…”

Section: A Brief History Of Single-photon Sources and Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review Article: Single-photon sources and detectors

Eisaman

Fan²,

Migdall³

et al. 2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

1,328

1,317

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Section: A Brief History Of Single-photon Sources and Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review Article: Single-photon sources and detectors

Eisaman

Fan²,

Migdall³

et al. 2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

1,328

1,317

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show abstract

“…The choice between detectors is of course a product of the applications, with PMTs being unsuitable for high-speed simultaneous rather than rasterscanned single-photon imaging. The history of these devices is covered well in [21], however three principal references from the 1930s collectively cover the operation principles and early development of the PMT [22][23][24]. Upon a photon absorption, electrons are emitted from a photo-cathode via the external photoelectric effect.…”

Section: Single-photon Avalanche Diodes (Spads) and Other Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and Early Historical Development of Silicon Avalanche and Geiger-Mode Photodiodes

Fisher¹

2018

Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications

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The historical development of technology can inform future innovation, and while theses and review articles attempt to set technologies and methods in context, few can discuss the historical background of a scientific paradigm. In this chapter, the nature of the photon is discussed along with what physical mechanisms allow detection of single-photons using solid-state semiconductor-based technologies. By restricting the scope of this chapter to near-infrared, visible and near-ultraviolet detection we can focus upon the internal photoelectric effect. Likewise, by concentrating on single-photon semiconductor detectors, we can focus upon the carrier-multiplication gain that has allowed sensitivity to approach the single-photon level. This chapter and the references herein aim to provide a historical account and full literature review of key, early developments in the history of photodiodes (PDs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), other Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM-APDs) and silicon photo-multipliers (Si-PMs). As there are overlaps with the historical development of the transistor (1940s), we find that development of the p-n junction and the observation of noise from distinct crystal lattice or doping imperfections -called "microplasmas" -were catalysts for innovation. The study of microplasmas, and later dedicated structures acting as known-area, uniform-breakdown artificial microplasmas, allowed the avalanche gain mechanism to be observed, studied and utilised.

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“…The first note concerning photomultiplier tube in V.K.Zworykin's laboratory journal is dated by November 22 1934 [15]. At last, in 1936 V.K.Zworykin and his colleagues published their famous paper [3] which is considered in the west as a starting point of the PMT history. Even a fleeting glance at the Zworykin's and Kubetsky's tubes reveals their great similarities: the same magnetic focusing etc.…”

Section: Controversy On the Pmt Invention Authorshipmentioning

confidence: 99%