The secreted and somatic antigens of the third stage larva of Anisakis simplex, and antigenic relationship with Ascaris suum, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Toxocara canis

Kennedy, Malcolm W.; Tierney, Jayne; Ye, Puzeng; McMonagle, Fiona A.; McIntosh, Anne; McLaughlin, David W.; Smith, J. W.

doi:10.1016/0166-6851(88)90143-0

Cited by 84 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Proteolytic entities of 54.3 kDa (179), 23.4 and 46 kDa (149), and 25 to 26 kDa (234, 235) have been isolated from excretory-secretory (ES) products released by A. simplex L3 in vitro. The latter is probably the same as the 23.4-kDa protein described by Kennedy and colleagues (149) and is similar to mammalian trypsin in its enzymatic activity (193). In 1994, a 40-kDa enzyme that degrades chondroitin sulfate-A and hyaluronic acid (114) and a 30-kDa serine protease similar to that present in the bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (193) were characterized.…”

Section: Invasive Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Several research groups have investigated the kinetics of specific antibody production in mice and rabbits (118,119,133,149), but these results cannot be directly extrapolated to allergic responses in humans. In 2006, Cho et al described the specific antibody response in rats that were infected orally with L3 on two occasions at intervals of 9 weeks.…”

Section: Innate Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antibodies and proteases. Antibodies produced during the infection can inhibit the biochemical functioning of proteases secreted by a number of other nematodes, such as Ascaris suum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, and Trichinella spiralis (42,144,149,168,182). The antibody response to proteases secreted by A. simplex might be responsible for the eventual death of tissue-invasive larvae through prevention of nutrient acquisition by the parasite and/or restriction of its mobility so that other immune effectors, such as cellular attack, can act.…”

Section: Innate Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity

2008

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SUMMARY Infection of humans with the nematode worm parasite Anisakis simplex was first described in the 1960s in association with the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. During the 1990s it was realized that even the ingestion of dead worms in food fish can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, that these may be more prevalent than infection itself, and that this outcome could be associated with food preparations previously considered safe. Not only may allergic symptoms arise from infection by the parasites (“gastroallergic anisakiasis”), but true anaphylactic reactions can also occur following exposure to allergens from dead worms by food-borne, airborne, or skin contact routes. This review discusses A. simplex pathogenesis in humans, covering immune hypersensitivity reactions both in the context of a living infection and in terms of exposure to its allergens by other routes. Over the last 20 years, several studies have concentrated on A. simplex antigen characterization and innate as well as adaptive immune response to this parasite. Molecular characterization of Anisakis allergens and isolation of their encoding cDNAs is now an active field of research that should provide improved diagnostic tools in addition to tools with which to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and controversial aspects of A. simplex allergy. We also discuss the potential relevance of parasite products such as allergens, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors and the activation of basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the induction of A. simplex-related immune hypersensitivity states induced by exposure to the parasite, dead or alive.

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Section: Invasive Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Innate Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Innate Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity

2008

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“…In fact, extensive homology between both somatic and excretory-secretory antigens of A. simplex and other ascaridoid nematodes mainly A. suum, A. lumbricoides, and T. canis has been reported (Kennedy et al 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although, the introduction of sensitive techniques, such as enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) did not avoid the presence of antibodies that provoke cross-reactivities with Ascaris and Toxocara (Kennedy et al 1988) when the A. simplex larval crude extract was used as reactive for the determination of specific IgE levels in patients with suspected anisakidosis, so by fluoro enzymo immuno assay (FEIA), immunoblot or prick test, due to the high proportion of false negative results detected (Lorenzo et al 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%