The Secularization of Early Modern England. From Religious Culture to Religious Faith. By C. John Sommerville (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 227 pp.)

Stearns, Carol Zisowitz

doi:10.1353/jsh/27.4.841

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Why should males but not females of enlarged clutches work harder? From a life-history point of view (9,22,23) males would be expected to work harder than females if the current brood is of higher value than future broods for a male, but for a female the future broods are worth more than the current brood. This result may occur, for example, in populations with a male-biased operational sex ratio (e.g., refs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternal investment affects prevalence of malaria.

Richner

Christe

Oppliger

1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

228

188

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Both reproduction and parasite defense can be costly, and an animal may face a trade-off between investing in offspring or in parasite defense. In contrast to the findings from nonexperimental studies that the poorly reproducing individuals are often the ones with high parasite loads, this life-history view predicts that individuals with high reproductive investment will show high parasite prevalence. Here we provide an experimental confirmation of a positive association between parental investment levels of male great tits Parus major and the prevalence of Plasmodium spp, a hematozoa causing malaria in various bird species. We manipulated brood size, measured feeding effort of both males and females, and assessed the prevalence of the hemoparasite from blood smears. In enlarged broods the males, but not the females, showed significantly higher rates of food provisioning to the chicks, and the rate of malarial infection was found to be more than double in male, but not female, parents of enlarged broods. The findings show that there may be a trade-off between reproductive effort and parasite defense of the host and also suggest a mechanism for the well documented trade-off between current reproductive effort and parental survival.What is the cost of working hard for one's offspring? For birds and mammals it has been shown that a high parental investment in the current offspring can affect survival of the parents (1-4), their future fecundity (5), or both (6). Both reproduction and parasite defense are costly (7-10), and a fitness reduction through reduced survival or fecundity may arise if there is a coupling between investment levels and parasite prevalence in a host-that is, if increased levels of investment render hosts more susceptible to parasites or increase their exposure to the parasite vector. For an experimental test of this hypothesis we manipulated parental effort of great tits and assessed the prevalence of a common hemoparasite, Plasmodium spp., in our host population. Because the sexes can differ in several ways that could affect their parasite load (11), including their readiness to work harder for a larger brood, their exposure to the parasites or to the vectors (12), or their endocrine types and endocrine levels that may interact with immunocompetence (13-16), we assessed both maternal and paternal efforts for all manipulated broods and recorded the prevalence of the hemoparasite in male and female parents. METHODSIn our study population of great tits (Parus major) near Lausanne, Switzerland, we manipulated, in spring 1993, the brood size of great tits on the day of hatching by removing two chicks from a brood and adding them to a brood that hatched within a few hours of the first brood. When an odd number of broods hatched the same day, these extra broods were left unmanipulated and were monitored for comparison with the reduced and enlarged broods. By this exchange of two chicks between broods we created enlarged broods that held significantly more chicks than the reduced broods (9.5 ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternal investment affects prevalence of malaria.

Richner

Christe

Oppliger

1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

228

188

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“…The survival rate was negatively associated with the average number of eggs laid (Fig S3B) and this association was stronger for the females fed on human blood compared to the other blood types. The life history traits of an organism are constrained by the total amount of resources available (Stearns 1992) such as the tradeoff observed here between the energy allocated to reproduction and survival. Similar results were observed in Culex pipiens for which the higher the number of eggs laid, the lower was their subsequent survival (Vézilier et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple hosts, multiple impacts: the role of vertebrate host diversity in shaping mosquito life history and pathogen transmission

Vantaux

Moiroux

Dabiré

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The transmission of malaria parasites from mosquito to human is largely determined by the dietary specialization of Anopheles mosquitoes to feed on humans. Few studies have explored the impact of blood meal sources on the fitness of both the parasite and the mosquito. Our study investigated the effects of 3-4 consecutive blood meals from one of four vertebrate species (human, cattle, sheep, or chicken) on several fitness traits, including mosquito feeding rate, blood meal size, susceptibility to wild isolates of Plasmodium falciparum, survival, fecundity, F1 offspring development time, and size. Our findings revealed no significant effect on parasite development. Similarly, parasite exposure had no overall effects on mosquito fitness. However, blood meal type did have a strong impact on mosquito feeding rate, survival, lifetime fecundity, and offspring size. Specifically, mosquitoes that were fed successive chicken blood meals produced fewer eggs and fewer and smaller F1 adults compared to those fed human blood. Combining our results in a theoretical model, we show a decrease in the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes fed chicken or cow blood and an increase in the capacity of those fed sheep blood compared to those fed human blood. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the diversity of blood meal sources in understanding mosquito ecology and their role in the transmission intensity of malaria parasites.

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“…By fruiting and seeding intensively at intervals as opposed to continuously over the years, seed and seedling survival may be enhanced for plants species with a masting iteroparous type of life-history (Charlesworth 1980, Stearns 1992). Trees provide the large majority of the documented cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis

Newbery

Schwan

Chuyong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The large grove-forming tropical tree Microberlinia bisulcata (Fabaceae) is demonstrably a mast fruiter, and it is ectomycorrhizal. The Korup forest site in Cameroon has one short pronounced dry season; the soils are sandy and very low in P and K availability. Nutrients are largely recycled through a distinctive soil surface mat of fine roots and hyphae. Pods mature over the longer wet season after leaf exchange and flowering in the dry one. Reproductive allocation is considerable. To test the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis, phenological recordings between 1989 and 2017 were matched with climate variables, and analyzed using logistic time-series regression. Masting happened mostly on 2- or 3-year cycles. A strong predictor was mean daily rainfall in the dry season: low in the current year of masting and high in the year prior. Less strongly predictive was the increase in dry season radiation between prior and mast years. Masting events showed no relationship to annual stem increment, nor with local plantation yields. Later, the normally heavy mastings became moderate after two attacks by caterpillars. Collated studies of fallen leaf nutrient concentrations showed that P increased markedly, K rose and fell, but N and Mg changed little, in the inter-mast interval. P and K were likely being accumulated and stored, and then triggered masting events when internal thresholds were crossed. The drier season prior to masting enabled a rise in C, and the wetter season the year before, with higher soil moisture, enabled better acquisition and uptake of nutrients by roots and mycorrhizas. The main storage of P may be in bark and branches, that for K on soil organic-colloids. A rooting-fruiting trade-off in C allocated over a minimal 2-year cycle is implied. Hypothesized is that synchrony among masting trees may be achieved, in part, by an equilibration of P across the mycorrhizal network and possibly root grafts. The long-term driver appears to be the inherent year-to-year stochasticity of dry-season rainfall, realization of which leads to an important refinement of the hypothesis. Life history strategy linked to nutrient resource dynamics provides a plausible mechanistic explanation for the masting events observed.

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The Secularization of Early Modern England. From Religious Culture to Religious Faith. By C. John Sommerville (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 227 pp.)

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Paternal investment affects prevalence of malaria.

Paternal investment affects prevalence of malaria.

Multiple hosts, multiple impacts: the role of vertebrate host diversity in shaping mosquito life history and pathogen transmission

Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis

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