The Sedimentary Geology, Remote sensing, Geomorphology and Petrology of Miocene to Late Pliocene sediments in District Sudhunhoti and Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Abstract

A research work was embarked in the area in order to understand the sedimentary geology, remote sensing, geomorphology and petrology of the district Sudhunhoti and Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. For this purpose the Khirik, Muttail Maira, Thandi Kassi, Kothian, Hill, Maidan, Rhera, Dar, Sairhan, Afsar Market, Gorah, Nakkar bazaar, Gui Nala, Bandia, Mang, Jassa Pir and Thorar areas were mapped and interpreted on Digital Elevtion Model (DEM) in the sub-Himalayas of Pakistan. The area has been mutilated by folding and faulting governed by orogenic forces. The clastic rocks exposed in the area are sandstone, siltstone, claystone and conglomerates. The sedimentary structures include planner bedding, ripple marks and pebble imbrications. The rip ups of siltstone and clay occur at the base of sandstone. The sandstone of Nagri Formation is well exposed in the area. The sandstone contains clasts of volcanics, quartzites, schist and chert. The sandstone of Dhok Pathan Formation is medium to coarse grained. It contains clasts of gneiss, schists, quartzites, granite, carbonate and marble. The sandstone is comprised of mineral quartz (23% to 45%), feldspar (3% to 13%) and the rock fragments of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The accessory minerals in the Nagri Formation sandstone are biotite (1% to 3%), muscovite (up to 2%), tourmaline (few traces) and zircon (1%). The cementing material in the rock is calcite (6% to 18%) and silica (2% to 3%). The modal mineralogical data of the sandstone shows that the sandstone is lithic arenite and lithic graywacke. The modal data reveal that the detritus was derived from the rising Himalayas in north of the area. The sedimentary structure and the conglomeration is the prima facie for the fluviatile origin of rocks.

PETROGRAPHIC, PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDSTONE OF MIRPUR DISTRICT AREA STATE OF AJ&K, PAKISTAN

“…The mafic rock fragments possess porphyritic and coarse chondrite texture. The quinqualoculina in bioclastic, cone in cone structure rhomb and scars as well as the compositional sector zoning form the texture of carbonate rock fragment [12]. An application is illustrated using sandstone data published by Hawkins and McConnel (1991) whereby the possible in£uence of petrological characteristics on their geotechnical properties has been assess [13].…”

“…lit arenites and greywacke dominant sandstone is more resistive than other. The fracturing, dissolutions, stylolitization, clay minerals authigenesis, calcite and silica cementation indicate diagenetic changes in the rocks [12]. Different Geotechnical properties in sandstone would be expected to contain variability and uncertainty of an element.…”

Research on Groundwater Pollution Migration Simulation and Prevention and Control Technology

“…In the formula: v is the average flow rate of the fluid through the porous medium, which is called the percolation velocity, ie the Darcy flow rate (LT -1 );  is the average velocity vector of the fluid passing through the pores of the porous medium, called the penetration rate (LT -1 ). Based on a study, the hydrodynamic dispersion of pollutants in porous media consists of two parts, namely molecular diffusion and mechanical dispersion [8][9][10]. Molecular diffusion refers to the uneven distribution of pollutants in porous media.…”

Petrology and Petrographic Delineation of Kamlial Formation Sandstone Mong and Thorar Village, Northern Pakistan

“…The project area, nestled in Azad Jammu and Kashmir's District Poonch, between Khirik and Thorar, as delineated by Pakistan's Geological Survey toposheet no. 43G/9, boasts coordinates between latitudes 33˚49'30"N and 33˚52'00"N and longitudes 73˚39'00"E and 73˚45'00"E, with an elevation of 1638 meters above sea level (Yasin et al, 2017). Renowned for its breathtaking beauty, Rawalakot, one of Kashmir's most picturesque valleys, lies 80 kilometers equidistant from Rawalpindi and Islamabad, also known as "PEARL VALLEY".…”