The growth in human population is estimated to reach 9.8 billion by mid-2050. To meet the food requirements, reducing the judicious use of fertilizers, agrochemicals and their impact on environment, soil, water, humans and the surrounding biodiversity we have to shift towards sustainable methods. Nanotechnology is one such technology that will help in crop production by improving the input use efficiency by minimizing their losses, site-specific, controlled delivery of fertilizers or agrochemical as per the requirement, increases shelf life, efficiency of the agrochemicals and reduces their recommended dosage. Nanoparticles are organic, inorganic or hybrid materials whose dimensions may range from 1 to 100 nm. Nanosensors can detect environmental stress and enhance the plant’s ability to combat diseases, used in automation of irrigation; it is a rapid and accurate tool to detect insect and pest, which helps in timely application of agrochemicals. Nano-iron fertilizer was found to improve essential oil content, nano-zinc and boron fertilizers improved fruit yield and quality, nano zeolite can sustain the nutrients in the soil for long term and it enhance germination and plant growth. As nanoparticles enhances growth, they aid in early maturity of the crop, improves the plant’s ability to tolerate stresses, hence they are effective tools in drought and flood-prone areas, they detoxify harmful pollutants especially heavy metals, pesticide residues. As nanoparticles have greater persistence, they may have long-term effect on plants, humans and also environment, but it has less impact than that of the normal agrochemicals. Advanced research is required to conclude in this aspect.