The Self-Compassion Scale: Validation and Psychometric Properties within the Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Рахимов, А.З.; Realo, Anu; Tang, Nicole K. Y.

doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2093731

Cited by 11 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 65 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Similarly, the self-kindness subscale in the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003b) explicitly references tolerance and patience, as well as kindness. Rakhimov et al (2022) show the factorial validity of the Self-Compassion Scale.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Compassion Balance: Understanding the Interrelation of Self- and Other-Compassion for Optimal Well-being

Sahdra¹,

Ciarrochi²,

Ferrari³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Compassion towards oneself and others is generally regarded as conducive for well-being. We hypothesized that self-compassion may conflict with compassion for others, at least in some people, which might weaken the link between self/other-compassion and well-being for those individuals. In an experience sampling study with transdiagnostic patients (N=154), measurements were sampled six times daily for a total of 42 time points. Measures included self-compassion, other-compassion, life-satisfaction, current mood, and contextual variables. On average, and for most participants, self-compassion was positively associated with other-compassion, suggesting the two forms of compassion to be complementary. However, there was substantial heterogeneity in this effect. The degree of complementarity of self- and other-compassion moderated the link between self/other-compassion and the well-being variables of life-satisfaction and mood. Higher levels of self/other-compassion were associated with higher levels of the well-being outcomes, but only for those who generally experienced compassion towards self and others as complementary. For those who experienced the two forms of compassion in conflict, levels of self/other-compassion were largely unrelated to well-being outcomes. The results argue against a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach of promoting self/other-compassion in everyone and hint at the value of a personalized approach to compassion interventions. For the majority of people for whom self- and other-compassion are complementary, teaching them either self- or other-compassion is likely to benefit their well-being; but for a minority who experience the two as conflicting, it might be essential to explore this conflict first, before promoting self- or other-compassion.

show abstract

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Compassion Balance: Understanding the Interrelation of Self- and Other-Compassion for Optimal Well-being

Sahdra¹,

Ciarrochi²,

Ferrari³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, Brenner et al (2017), Neff et al (2019), andRakhimov et al (2023) all used many of the same models but came up with diametrically opposed conclusions about the appropriateness of the one-or two-global-factor representation of the SCS structure. The critical difference is that Brenner et al relied on CFA models, whereas Neff et al and Rakhimov et al extended This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.…”

Section: The Scs Factor Structure Controversymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it might represent a reasonable compromise if it fits the data, the factors are well-defined, and the parameter estimates make sense. However, the two global factors were not well-defined, as both Neff et al (2019) and Rakhimov et al (2023) emphasized.…”

Section: Alternative Esem Models Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bifactor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale: Bayesian approaches to overcome exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) limitations.

Marsh¹,

Ferrari²,

Рахимов³

et al. 2023

Psychological Assessment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The rapidly expanding self-compassion research is driven mainly by Neff’s (2003a, 2003b, 2023) six-factor Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Despite broad agreement on its six-first-order factor structure, there is much debate on SCS’s global structure (one- vs. two-global factors). Neff et al. (2019) argue for an exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) with six specific and one global bifactor (6ESEM + 1GlbBF) rather than two global factors (6ESEM + 2GlbBF). However, ESEM’s methodological limitations precluded testing the appropriate 6ESEM + 2GlbBF, relying instead on a model combining ESEM and traditional confirmatory factor analysis (6ESEM + 2CFA). Although intuitively reasonable, this alternative model results in internally inconsistent, illogical interpretations. Instead, we apply recent advances in Bayesian SEM frameworks and Bayes structural equation models fit indices to test a more appropriate bifactor model with two global factors. This model (as does 6CFA + 2GlbBF) fits the data well, and correlations between compassionate self-responding (CS) and reverse-scored uncompassionate self-responding (RUS) factors (∼.6) are much less than the 1.0 correlation implied by a single bipolar factor. We discuss the critical implications for theory, scoring, and clinical application for the SCS that previously were inappropriately based on this now-discredited 6ESEM + 2GlbCFA. In applied practice, we endorse using scores representing the six SCS factors, total SCS, and CS and RUS components rather than relying solely on one global factor. Our approach to these issues (dimensionality, factor structure, first-order and higher order models, positive vs. negatively oriented constructs, item-wording effects, and alternative estimation procedures) has wide applicability to clinical measurement (see our annotated bibliography of 20 instruments that might benefit from our approach).

show abstract

“…States with results suggesting that the attention checks did not increase the external validity of the data (Tang et al, 2022). It is possible that these findings in other participant pools such as MTurk and Prolific do not generalize to university student populations.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…For example, the higher-order CFA in Study 1 indicated that the SCS fell below acceptable fit criteria with no obvious indicators for post hoc modifications (e.g., adding correlated errors). There is currently a debate in the literature about the best factor structure and analytic technique (e.g., CFA versus exploratory structural equation modeling) for the SCS (Rakhimov et al, 2022). Researchers in the future should investigate these issues with the SCS to determine the best representation of the data.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Autonomous Motivation for Exercise, Self-Compassion and Physical Activity

Johnston¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This series of studies investigated the relationships between self-compassion, physical activity, and autonomous motivation for exercise. The purpose of Study 1 was to examine if autonomous motivation for exercise moderates the association between self-compassion and physical activity in Carleton University students using a cross-sectional design. The goal of Study 2 was to test the effects of a 5-day self-compassion writing intervention on autonomous motivation and physical activity in first year university students at Carleton University. Autonomous motivation did not moderate the relationship between self-compassion and physical activity in Study 1 (B = -1.04, SE = 1.88, t(383) = -0.56, p = .57, 95% CI = [-4.75, 2.65]). The self-compassion intervention in Study 2 did not affect autonomous motivation, self-compassion, or physical activity across time (p < .05, η 𝑝 2 = .01 -.24). Researchers should replicate these findings with larger sample sizes and better measures of self-compassion and physical activity.

show abstract

The Self-Compassion Scale: Validation and Psychometric Properties within the Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Cited by 11 publications

References 65 publications

The Compassion Balance: Understanding the Interrelation of Self- and Other-Compassion for Optimal Well-being

The Compassion Balance: Understanding the Interrelation of Self- and Other-Compassion for Optimal Well-being

The bifactor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale: Bayesian approaches to overcome exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) limitations.

The Relationship Between Autonomous Motivation for Exercise, Self-Compassion and Physical Activity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About