The "self digest": Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions.

Higgins, E. Tory

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1062

Cited by 535 publications

(509 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…In our model, felt accountability is a psychological syndrome that has a number of derivative cognitions, self-definitions, and personal characteristics, which are discussed in turn below. Importantly, felt accountability is advanced as a psychological mechanism through which external societal constraints ultimately influences behavior (Propositions 3a,3b what a person believes is his or her responsibility to be, based either on prescriptions from close others or prescriptions from the generalized society, the latter of which is referred to as "normative ought-guides" (Higgins, 1996). Higgins, Shah, and Friedman (1997) showed that there are individual differences in the accessibility of ideal and ought self-guides.…”

Section: Means and Variancementioning

confidence: 99%

On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.

Gelfand

Nishii

Raver

2006

Journal of Applied Psychology

828

910

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Cross-cultural research is dominated by the use of values despite their mixed empirical support and their limited theoretical scope. This article expands the dominant paradigm in cross-cultural research by developing a theory of cultural tightness-looseness (the strength of social norms and the degree of sanctioning within societies) and by advancing a multilevel research agenda for future research. Through an exploration of the top-down, bottom-up, and moderating impact that cultural tightness-looseness has on individuals and organizations, as well as on variance at multiple levels of analysis, the theory provides a new and complementary perspective to the values approach.

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Section: Means and Variancementioning

confidence: 99%

On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.

Gelfand

Nishii

Raver

2006

Journal of Applied Psychology

828

910

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“…Mischel (1996a) has explored the cognitive strategies by which people resist immediate temptations in order to pursue adaptive long-term goals. Higgins (1987Higgins ( , 1996 has focused on different kinds of standards against which one can compare the self and on the different types of emotion that may attend these respective comparisons.…”

Section: Self-regulation Strength and Ego Depletionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior

Baumeister

Gailliot

DeWall

et al. 2006

Journal of Personality

734

552

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Self-regulation is a highly adaptive, distinctively human trait that enables people to override and alter their responses, including changing themselves so as to live up to social and other standards. Recent evidence indicates that self-regulation often consumes a limited resource, akin to energy or strength, thereby creating a temporary state of ego depletion. This article summarizes recent evidence indicating that regular exercises in self-regulation can produce broad improvements in self-regulation (like strengthening a muscle), making people less vulnerable to ego depletion. Furthermore, it shows that ego depletion moderates the effects of many traits on behavior, particularly such that wide differences in socially disapproved motivations produce greater differences in behavior when ego depletion weakens the customary inner restraints.Self-regulation is an important personality process by which people seek to exert control over their thoughts, their feelings, their impulses and appetites, and their task performances. The human capacity for self-regulation appears to be much more extensive than what is found in other animals, which may suggest that the evolutionary pressures that guided the selection of traits that make up human nature, such as participation in cultural groups, found self-regulation to be especially adaptive and powerful (Baumeister, 2005). If so, then self-regulation may be one of the most distinctively human traits. Even if human beings are capable of more self-regulation than other animals, however, their capacity is far less than what many Correspondence concerning this article may be sent to R. Baumeister,

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“…For the past two decades, theorists and researchers have conceptualized individuals' selfrepresentations as a contextualized and dynamic knowledge structure (i.e., cognitive schema) that serves adaptive and self-regulatory functions (Baumeister, 1998;Higgins, 1996;Markus & Wurf, 1987). This knowledge structure contains general and context-specific information about traits, beliefs, values, and episodic and semantic memories about the self and is actively involved in the processing of self-relevant information (Campbell et al, 1996).…”

Section: Self-representations: Contextualized and Dynamicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualized Self‐Representations in Adulthood

Diehl

Hay

2007

Journal of Personality

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Theorizing has focused on individuals' self-representations as a psychological resource for coping with life stress and developmental challenges in adulthood. Many of the prominent theories have conceptualized self-representations with regard to specific social contexts (e.g., role-specific selfrepresentations) and have examined specific structural organizations of the self-concept with regard to psychological adjustment. This article describes research on the associations between self-concept structures and psychological well-being in adulthood. Specific emphasis is given to the feature of self-concept differentiation (SCD). Most research suggests that a high level of SCD tends to indicate self-fragmentation and tends to be associated with poorer adjustment and psychological well-being. Findings from a daily diary study with adults of all ages are reported showing that different levels of SCD were in a consistent and meaningful way related to the daily endorsement of positive and negative self-attributes. Daily self-representations, in turn, were significantly related to individuals' level of daily negative affect and to intra-individual variation in negative affect. These findings suggest that SCD may exert its effect on adjustment and psychological well-being through specific ways of processing self-related information.The last two decades have seen important extensions of self-concept theory into research on adult development and aging (Brandtstädter & Greve, 1994;Filipp & Klauer, 1986;Markus & Herzog, 1991). In particular, theorists have focused on individuals' self-representations as a psychological resource for coping with the challenges of adulthood and old age (Brandtstädter & Greve, 1994;Freund & Smith, 1999;Greve & Wentura, 2003). 1 Many of these conceptualizations have focused on adults' self-representations with regard to specific social contexts (e.g., role-specific self-representations) and have examined the associations of different structural organizations of contextualized self-representations with different indicators of psychological adjustment (Campbell, Assanand, & DiPaula, 2003;Kling, Ryff, & Essex, 1997;Linville, 1987;Showers, Abramson, & Hogan, 1998). This article has three major parts. First, we will review the theoretical and empirical reasons that have served as background for studying contextualized self-representations in adulthood. Second, we will review research focusing on the associations between different self-concept organizations and indicators of psychological adjustment. In this review, we will highlight only some of the major findings with regard to certain self-concept organizations and will focus specifically on the associations of self-concept differentiation (SCD) and measures of psychological well-being. Third, we will present findings from cross-sectional studies and from a daily diary study examining the effect of SCD and daily self-representations on daily affect.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Manfred Diehl, Human Development...

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The "self digest": Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions.

Cited by 535 publications

References 121 publications

On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.

On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.

Self‐Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior

Contextualized Self‐Representations in Adulthood

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