The semi-rigid behaviour of three-dimensional steel beam-to-column joints subjected to proportional loading. Part I. Experimental evaluation

T-stub behaviour under out-of-plane bending. I: Experimental research and finite element modelling

“…17). These plates are placed according to the design presented for three-dimensional joints in [3,16]. Fig.…”

“…This means that the additional plates improve the behaviour of the joint in terms of stiffness and strength but not as much as the transverse stiffeners. However, the former has the advantage of easiness of execution, especially when three-dimensional joints are considered (see [3,16]). The additional plates and the beam flange in tension remain in the elastic range.…”

“…Except for the work of a few authors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] neither three-dimensional connections (that is, columns with beams attached in both the major and minor axis) nor the three-dimensional behaviour of connections subjected to out of plane bending have been considered.…”

Review on the modelling of joint behaviour in steel frames

“…Girão and Bijlaard [71] carried out experiments to study the behaviour of high strength steel end-plate connections and in [72] the experimental behaviour of high strength steel web shear panels. Cabrero and Bayo [73], analysed the semi-rigid behaviour of three-dimensional steel beam-to-column joints subjected to proportional loading. Shi et al [74] carried out 5 experiments of beam-to-column bolted extended end-plate joints to develop an analytical model to obtain the rotational stiffness and the moment-rotation curve of a joint.…”

Experimental assessment of the semi-rigid connections behavior with angles and stiffeners

“…The test results show that the tested connections satisfy the current design provisions for stiffness, resistance, and rotation demands. Cabrero and Bayo [38] researched the semi-rigid behavior of three-dimensional steel beamto-column joints subjected to proportional loading. An experimental investigation of statically loaded extended end-plate connections in both major and minor column axes was undertaken.…”