The sense of beauty.

Abstract

Abstract. To design a cutting tool and thus to assign its proper geometry, select the proper tool material and machining regime, one needs to know the physical essence of a metal cutting process starting with its definition and finishing with the easiest way to accomplish the objective of this process. This chapter provides guidelines to distinguish the metal cutting process commonly referred to as metal cutting among other closely related manufacturing processes and operations. It presents the known results and compares them with those used in other forming processes/operations. It argues that, if the usual notions are used, the metal cutting process does not have any distinguishing features. Analyzing what went wrong with the existing notions in metal cutting, this chapter provides a physicallybased definition of the metal cutting process. Using the introduced definition, this chapter for the first time describes explicitly the role of cutting tool geometry in the metal cutting process that sets the stage for better understanding of other chapters in this book. Because in the development and implementation of any cutting tool experiment remains essential, the complete hierarchical system of tool testing is also discussed and the most useful similarity numbers used in testing are introduced and explained.

Processing Fluency and Aesthetic Pleasure: Is Beauty in the Perceiver's Processing Experience?

“…The philosopher George Santayana described three defining features of beauty: "beauty … is value positive, intrinsic, and objectified" (Santayana, 1896(Santayana, /1955. By value positive and intrinsic, Santayana meant that beauty provides pleasure without any reasoning about expected utility.…”

A Study on the Relationship Between Religious Consumerist Landscape Resources and Religious Experience

“…Through the observation of landscape resources, individuals can directly experience an extension to their imagination and stimulus from landscape resources themselves. Santayana (1955) religion tends to be kind towards people, and the magnificent religious palace is indeed attractive, offering a vision of compassion towards all society that moves the mass public. It is important to prostrate oneself before Buddha, and the experience of decree and the practices of charity can leave a strong impression in people's minds.…”

Rated preference, complexity and familiarity for neo-traditional and modern development patterns using alternative visual medium.

“…Santayana (1910) described beauty as a preference pattern in which a cooperative effort of the senses defines the emotional elements of pleasure found in the quality of an object. He treated aesthetic judgment as a universal trait generalized by our own opinions.…”

“…Furthermore, he found these mental images reflecting our own lives. In the formulation of those life experiences, he regarded the spatial capacity of sight as one of our most significant senses for determining pleasure (Santayana 1910). …”

“…If so, what are the patterns and characteristics that make natural complexity different than that which is found within a typical street scene? Do images of cottage and garden described by Santayana (1910) enhance nature by providing points of reference to the viewer, or are they detractions to a scene that would be even better without them?…”