The Sensitivity of the General Circulation to Arctic Sea Ice Boundaries: A Numerical Experiment

Herman, G. F.; Johnson, W. T.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<1649:tsotgc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 101 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…In observational studies the Arctic sea ice extent has been linked through statistical connections (Herman and Johnson 1978;Alexander et al 2004) to large-scale circulation patterns in mid and even subtropical latitudes. These studies have shown that the full atmospheric response to sea-ice extent variability could not be explained by local thermodynamics, suggesting that dynamical processes are Abstract This work investigates links between Arctic surface variability and the phases of the winter (DJF) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on interannual time-scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An interannual link between Arctic sea-ice cover and the North Atlantic Oscillation

et al. 2017

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An interannual link between Arctic sea-ice cover and the North Atlantic Oscillation

et al. 2017

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“…Observation-based studies in the early 20th century, as briefly summarized by Herman and Johnson (1978), suggest: a potential link between the winter conditions in Europe and the ice conditions in East Greenland during the previous summer (Hildebrandsson, 1914); a correlation between the Arctic sea-ice margin and air temperatures and pressures over Europe (Schell, 1956(Schell, , 1970. In addition, Tao (1959) summarized the weather forecast in China from 1949 to 1958 and noticed that almost all extreme cold spells (drops in air temperature of more than 10 • C within 24 hours) in East Asia were originated from the Barents Sea or the Kara Sea with different pathways.…”

Section: Observation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Winter sea-ice impact Sea-ice impact in numerical simulations begin with winter sea-ice anomalies, since the air-sea temperature gradient in winter is strongest and therefore a large impact of sea ice is expected. Herman and Johnson (1978) were among the first to investigate the impact of observed winter (January-February) sea-ice anomalies in the Arctic marginal seas on the simulated atmosphere in an AGCM. The model they used was developed at the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences.…”

Section: Modeling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate: A review

et al. 2014

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The Arctic plays a fundamental role in the climate system and has shown significant climate change in recent decades, including the Arctic warming and decline of Arctic sea-ice extent and thickness. In contrast to the Arctic warming and reduction of Arctic sea ice, Europe, East Asia and North America have experienced anomalously cold conditions, with record snowfall during recent years. In this paper, we review current understanding of the sea-ice impacts on the Eurasian climate. Paleo, observational and modelling studies are covered to summarize several major themes, including: the variability of Arctic sea ice and its controls; the likely causes and apparent impacts of the Arctic sea-ice decline during the satellite era, as well as past and projected future impacts and trends; the links and feedback mechanisms between the Arctic sea ice and the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation, the recent Eurasian cooling, winter atmospheric circulation, summer precipitation in East Asia, spring snowfall over Eurasia, East Asian winter monsoon, and midlatitude extreme weather; and the remote climate response (e.g., atmospheric circulation, air temperature) to changes in Arctic sea ice. We conclude with a brief summary and suggestions for future research.

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“…Since these early atmospheric experiments, several simulations have also been performed with sea-ice models in order to study the response of the sea-ice cover to specified atmospheric anomalies (Parkinson and Kellog 1979;Semtner 1987), but the question of the atmospheric response to the removal of Arctic sea ice has not received much further attention from the climate modellers. Other sensitivity experiments have studied the influence on the atmospheric circulation of minimal and maximal sea-ice extent (Herman and Johnson 1978) or of sea-ice variations in the Southern Hemisphere (Simmonds 1981;Mitchell and Hills 1986;Mitchell and Senior 1989). Considering the evolution of numerical models that has taken place since the first ice-free Arctic experiments, both in terms of model resolution and physical parameterizations, it would appear timely to repeat such experiments with the current generation of GCMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sensitivity experiment for the removal of Arctic sea ice with the French spectral general circulation model

1990

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Sea ice has a major influence on climate in high latitudes. In this paper we analyzed the impact of removal of Arctic sea-ice cover on the climate simulated by a T42 20-level version of the French spectral model "Emeraude". The control experiment was the second winter of an annual cycle simulation of the present climate. In the perturbed simulation the Arctic sea-ice cover was replaced by open ocean maintained at the freezing temperature of sea water. The zonal mean patterns of the model response were found to be in good agreement with earlier simulations of Fletcher et al. and Warshaw and Rapp. The atmospheric warming, caused by the increase of upward fluxes of sensible and latent heat and of longwave radiation from the icefree ocean surface, is largely limited to the high latitudes poleward of 70 ° N and the lower half of the troposphere and leads to a surface pressure decrease and a precipitation increase over this area. We also analyze the geographical distribution of the response and the mechanisms that can explain the simulated cooling over Eurasia in relation to the energy budget at the surface. Finally, we discuss the reduction of cloud cover over the ice-free Arctic, which was an unexpected result of our simulation, and conclude that further studies are necessary to resolve the question of cumulus convection and cloud process parameterization in high latitudes.

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The Sensitivity of the General Circulation to Arctic Sea Ice Boundaries: A Numerical Experiment

Cited by 101 publications

References 0 publications

An interannual link between Arctic sea-ice cover and the North Atlantic Oscillation

An interannual link between Arctic sea-ice cover and the North Atlantic Oscillation

Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate: A review

A sensitivity experiment for the removal of Arctic sea ice with the French spectral general circulation model

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