The Sensitivity Test of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates From Suspect Tuberculosis Patients to the Seromucous of Snail and Chitosan as an Alternative Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs

Harti

et al. 2021

biomedika

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by M. tuberculosis (MTb) and is transmitted through droplets of phlegm in the air from patients or those suspected of having TB. In general, treatment for TB is done with anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATDs), specifically streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol (SIRE) that takes a long time due to the level of resistance of MTb bacteria. The resistance of MTb triggers ATDs based on natural bioactive compounds. Chitosan as a result of chitin deacetylation can function as an antimicrobial agent because it is polycationic, which is biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. Snail (Achatina fulica) seromucoid contains antibacterial bioactive compounds, namely glycans, peptides, glycopeptides, achasin protein, and chondroitin sulfate. This study aims at testing the sensitivity of MTb isolates against snail seromucoid and chitosan in vitro. This research applied the experimental research method. MTb isolates were obtained from sputum samples of patients suspected of TB at the Surakarta Regional Public Hospital (RSUD Surakarta). The results of screening for MTb were positive, based on the microscopic examination of MTb using the Ziehl Nelson (ZN) method, the MPT 64 rapid test, and the quick molecular test using the Genexpert method. The research was completed through several stages, including the preparation of a suspension of germs with a concentration of 1 mg/ml or Mc. Farland 0.5-1.0; preparation of the stock solution and working solution (WS); drug sensitivity test (DST) against snail seromucoid; chitosan and ATDs (SIRE) on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media; and incubation at 37°C for 3-4 weeks. The results were interpreted on day 28 or day 42. The results have revealed that MTb isolates are 100% resistant to snail seromucoid and 2% chitosan. This study concludes that MTb isolates from suspected TB are resilient to 100% snail seromucoid and 2% chitosan.

“…The results of the research by Sutanto et al (2020b) uncovered that snail seromucoid and chitosan can increase lymphocyte proliferation in vivo, making them potential as immunomodulators.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sensitivity Test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Snail Seromucoid and Chitosan in vitro

Harti

et al. 2021

biomedika

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“…The resistance of microbial cells to antimicrobial compounds is influenced by the physiology of microbial cells related to the expression of resistance genes and mutations that occur in the DNA of microbial cells. The results of the study by Sutanto et al (2020) [19] showed that chitosan (800 mg/L) and snail seromucoid (8000 mg/L) were not effective as an alternative ATD against M. tuberculosis isolates. This is due to the characteristics of M. tuberculosis known as acid resistant bacteria, rod-shaped, and Gram-positive and the cell wall of M. tuberculosis is composed of mycolic acid (trehalose dimycolate) which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TB and the occurrence of the type of MDR-TB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Chitosan is soluble in acetic acid, while chitin decomposes in lithium chloride and dimethylacetamide which are very toxic. Chitosan can be synthesized by partial deacetylation in alkaline conditions using NaOH or enzymatically using chitin deacetylase [19]. Chitosan as an antimicrobial is more effective than chitin because chitosan has a high number of polycationic amines that can interact with negatively charged carbohydrate, lipid, and protein residues located on the surface of microbial cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Chitosan and Polysaccharide of Durian Peel Extract against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

Harti

Sutanto³

et al. 2022

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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) disease is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through sputum droplets of sufferers or suspect TB in the air. Chitosan as an antimicrobial agent can be used in the biomedical field because it has a number of hydroxyl groups (OH) and amine groups (NH2). The chemical substance of durian peel extract (Durio zibethinus L.) contains pectin which is multifunctional and can be used in the pharmaceutical field. Chemically, pectin is a polysaccharide polymer of D-galacturonic acid linked by -1,4 glycosidic bonds which can dissolve in water to form colloidal solutions or gels. AIM: This study was to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan and polysaccharides from durian peel extract (D. zibethinus L.) against M. tuberculosis isolates in vitro. METHODS: The research method is based on an experimental study in vitro. M. tuberculosis isolates in this research from sputum samples of patients suspected of TB in Surakarta Regional General Hospital. The stages of the research were performed that preparation chitosan gel (CG), bioformulation of CG, and polysaccharide gel (PG) durian peel extract are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, and drug susceptibility testing against M. tuberculosis isolates. RESULTS: CG 10% was effective as an antimicrobial against M. tuberculosis isolates but PG durian peel extract (5%; 10%; 15%; 20%; and 25%) was not effective as an antimicrobial against M. tuberculosis isolates. The types of anti-tuberculosis drug (ATD) that was effective against M. tuberculosis isolates were ethambutol 80% and streptomycin 40%, while isoniazid and rifampicin were not effective as ATD against M. tuberculosis isolates. CONCLUSION: CG 10% was effective as an antimicrobial against M. tuberculosis isolates, while PG 25% durian peel extract was not effective as an antimicrobial against M. tuberculosis isolates. CG has the potential as an ATD based on natural bioactive ingredients for TB therapy.

“…The results showed that the distribution of the incidence of MDR-TB and MTB in 2016 and 2017 at the Surakarta Central General Hospital was relatively varied. In 2016 the percentage of MDR-TB (45.21%) was lower than MTB (54.79%) while in 2017 the incidence rate of MDR-TB (76.14%) was higher than MTB (23.86%) (Sutanto et al, 2020).…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Atd Against Mtbmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The use of natural ingredients-based galenic preparations has potential as an alternative to ATD therapy. The results showed that the combination of snail seromucoid and chitosan has potential as a bioimmunostimulator and bioimmunodulator in TB therapy (Sutanto et al, 2020;Sutanto et al,2021a;Sutanto et al, 2021b). Durian peel extract polysaccharides and chitosan have the potential to an antimicrobial against MTb isolates (Sutanto et al, 2022).…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Atd Against Mtbmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Resistance Level of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Suspected Tuberculosis Patients at the Surakarta Central General Hospital

Sutanto²,

Harti³

2022

INDONES J MED

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Background: Analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the resistance level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) isolates to Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (ATD) needs to be carried out considering the level of MTB resistance is an important factor in the occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) in Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of resistance of MTb isolates of patients with suspected TB in Surakarta. Subjects and Method:This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a retrospective Cohort based on the medical record data of suspected TB patients at Surakarta Central General Hospital in 2020 -2021. The sampling technique was random sampling with a total of 200 samples each year. Data analysis used the SPSS 21 program. Results: Characteristics of respondents with suspected TB patients who visited the Surakarta Central General Hospital in 2020 and 2021, mostly in men and occurring in productive ages 36 -55 years. The most effective type of ATD against MTb isolates is Rifampicin with a mean rank of 6.00 and a p=0.035. While Ethambutol is ineffective as an ATD with a mean rank of 58.00 and a p<0.001. The results of the Wilcoxon test analysis showed there was a significant difference in the level of resistance or sensitivity of MTb isolates in 2020 and 2021 with a p-value=0.000. Conclusion:There is a significant effect of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of resistance or sensitivity of MTb isolates of patients with suspected TB in the Surakarta area in 2020 and 2021.