The September 28–30, 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines

Moore, James G.; Nakamura, Kazuaki; Alcaraz, Arturo

doi:10.1007/bf02597143

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Hydrovolcanic eruptions dominate the activity of Taal, and powerful events occurred in 1754, 1911, and 1965. These eruptions produced base surges, pyroclastic flows, and lake seiches that caused extensive damage of LT's shore towns and villages, reaching areas as far as Manila, 60 km to the north (Moore et al 1965;Moore et al 1966;Kokelaar 1986;Simkin and Siebert 1994). Taal Volcano has claimed more than 1500 human lives since the beginning of the eighteenth century (Simkin and Siebert 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Geochemical and isotopic evidence for seawater contamination of the hydrothermal system of Taal Volcano, Luzon, the Philippines

Delmelle

Kusakabe

Bernard

et al. 1998

Bulletin of Volcanology

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The hydrologic structure of Taal Volcano has favored development of an extensive hydrothermal system whose prominent feature is the acidic Main Crater Lake (pH~3) lying in the center of an active vent complex, which is surrounded by a slightly alkaline caldera lake (Lake Taal). This peculiar situation makes Taal prone to frequent, and sometimes catastrophic, hydrovolcanic eruptions. Fumaroles, hot springs, and lake waters were sampled in 1991, 1992, and 1995 in order to develop a geochemical model for the hydrothermal system. The low-temperature fumarole compositions indicate strong interaction of magmatic vapors with the hydrothermal system under relatively oxidizing conditions. The thermal waters consist of highly, moderately, and weakly mineralized solutions, but none of them corresponds to either water-rock equilibrium or rock dissolution. The concentrated discharges have high Na contents ( 1 3500 mg/kg) and low SO 4 /Cl ratios (~0.3). The Br/Cl ratio of most samples suggests incorporation of seawater into the hydrothermal system. Water and dissolved sulfate isotopic compositions reveal that the Main Crater Lake and spring discharges are derived from a deep parent fluid (T;300 7C), which is a mixture of seawater, volcanic water, and Lake Taal water. The volcanic end member is probably produced in the magmatic-hydrothermal environment during absorption of high-temperature gases into groundwater. Boiling and mixing of the parent water give rise to the range of chemical and isotopic characteristics observed in the thermal discharges. Incursion of seawater from the coastal region to the central part of the volcano is supported by the low water levels of the lakes and by the fact that Lake Taal was directly connected to the China sea until the sixteenth century. The depth to the seawater-meteoric water interface is calculated to be 80 and 160 m for the Main Crater Lake and Lake Taal, respectively. Additional data are required to infer the hydrologic structure of Taal. Geochemical surveillance of the Main Crater Lake using the SO 4 /Cl, Na/K, or Mg/Cl ratio cannot be applied straightforwardly due to the presence of seawater in the hydrothermal system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Geochemical and isotopic evidence for seawater contamination of the hydrothermal system of Taal Volcano, Luzon, the Philippines

Delmelle

Kusakabe

Bernard

et al. 1998

Bulletin of Volcanology

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“…Well-studied historic examples such as the 1996 eruptions at Karymskoye (Belousov and Belousov 2001) and Taal (Moore et al 1966a), the 1991 Pinatubo eruption and its aftermath (Newhall and Punongbayan 1996), and lahar events at Ruapehu (Cronin et al 1997;Kilgour et al 2010) and Kelut (Suryo and Clarke 1985) demonstrate this variety and complexity: in many cases individual hazards contribute to subsequent effects in a process-chain. Examination of the geological record reveals a fuller range of both hazards and event magnitudes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these only (i), (ii) and (vi) are capable of generating large waves in the far field (Watts and Waythomas 2003) Watts and Waythomas 2003). Observations of tsunami waves at volcanic lakes are limited to the 1996 Karymskoye Lake eruption (Belousov et al 2000), minor phreatic events at Ruapehu during the 1970s and 1980s (McClelland et al 1989), Taal volcano in 1911and 1965(Moore et al 1966a, and a number of other crater lakes (Table 1) mainly known for their eruptiontriggered lahar record (Mastin and Witter 2000). During the 1996 eruption at Karymskoye Lake "a light gray 'collar' [which] appeared around the focus (epicentre) of the explosion, representing a nearly axially-symmetric elevation of the water surface 130 m high that propagated radially at about 40-20 m/s to form the tsunami" (Belousov et al 2000).…”

Section: Explosion-generated Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Hydrogeology of Volcanic Lakes: Examples from the Central Italy Volcanic Lake District

Mazza

Taviani

Capelli

et al. 2015

Advances in Volcanology

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Volcanic regions typically host multiple lakes developed in explosion craters, volcano-tectonic collapse structures, and valley systems blocked as a result of eruptive activity, their boundaries and dimensions shifting in response to renewed activity and modification by background processes of erosion, sedimentation and tectonism. Such water bodies are a potent source of a wide range of complex and inter-related hydrologic hazards owing to their proximity to active volcanic vents, the consequent potential for violent mixing of magma with water, and the frequent fragility of their impoundments. These hazards arise as a result of water displacements within or from the lake basin and can be broadly sub-divided into 3 main types: (I) phenomena sourced within the lake basin as a direct or indirect consequence of subaqueous or subaerial volcanic activity; (II) floods from volcanic lakes triggered by volcanic activity, including induced breaching; and (III) floods from volcanic lakes with a non-volcanic cause. Type I hazards include subaqueous explosive volcanism and associated Surtseyan jets, base surges and tsunamis, which can impact lake shorelines and displace water over basin rims and through outlets. This results in Type II lahar and flooding hazards. Both types have been historically responsible for significant losses of life at many volcanoes worldwide. Other rapid phenomena such as pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, and large lahars from intra-or extra-lake volcanoes are potentially tsunamigenic (Type I), and/or displacing, and can hence also lead to secondary (Type II) hazards, as can seismicity-producing volcano-tectonic movements. Slower processes including volcano-tectonic movements, subaqueous lava dome extrusion, cryptodome intrusion, and magmatic inflation can potentially produce Type II flooding through volumetric water displacement over the outlet. Erosion of the outlet can be catastrophic, magnifying the size of V. Manville

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“…Other common (although not ubiquitous) indicators of the involvement of external water are accretionary lapilli, vesicular ash, rain splash microbedding, high proportions of lithic fragments and cross-beds from dilute density currents (e.g. Moore et al 1966;Walker & Croasdale 1972;Lorenz 1985). All of these are distinctly rare at El Jorullo.…”

Section: Comparison With Hydromagmatic Ashesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyroclastic deposits and lava flows from the 1759-1774 eruption of El Jorullo, Mexico: aspects of "violent strombolian" activity and comparison with Paricutin

Rowland¹,

Jurado-Chichay²,

Ernst³

et al.

Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker

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The eruption of El Jorullo (1759)(1760)(1761)(1762)(1763)(1764)(1765)(1766)(1767)(1768)(1769)(1770)(1771)(1772)(1773)(1774) in Guanajuato, Mexico, generated substantial (100-300 m high) pyroclastic cones, an extensive ash blanket and a flow field of thick lavas. The cones have the aspect of scoria cones that result from Strombolian eruptions, but the ash blankets consist predominantly of sub millimetre-sized particles (comprising 80 wt% beyond 1 km from the vent). This combination of cones, fine deposit grain size, and moderate dispersal area has previously been attributed to 'violent Strombolian' eruptions. The ash blanket at El Jorullo comprises c. 40% of the erupted volume and contains hundreds of strictly parallel laminae, evidence for deposition by fallout from a great number of explosions such as those observed during the eruption of nearby Parícutin volcano (1943)(1944)(1945)(1946)(1947)(1948)(1949)(1950)(1951)(1952). The high degree of fragmentation could have resulted from hydromagmatic activity, but the deposit mostly lacks evidence for significant involvement of external water. We consider that the predominantly fine grain size was probably produced by a combination of a high yield strength and viscosity of the erupting magmas, possibly high juvenile water content, and recycling and milling of pyroclasts within the vent. The lava flow field at El Jorullo constitutes c.

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The September 28–30, 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Geochemical and isotopic evidence for seawater contamination of the hydrothermal system of Taal Volcano, Luzon, the Philippines

Geochemical and isotopic evidence for seawater contamination of the hydrothermal system of Taal Volcano, Luzon, the Philippines

Quantitative Hydrogeology of Volcanic Lakes: Examples from the Central Italy Volcanic Lake District

Pyroclastic deposits and lava flows from the 1759-1774 eruption of El Jorullo, Mexico: aspects of "violent strombolian" activity and comparison with Paricutin

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