The Seven Seas of the Study of Personal Relationships Research

Perlman, Daniel; Duck, Steve; Hengstebeck, Natalie D.

doi:10.1017/9781316417867.003

Cited by 157 publications

(225 citation statements)

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“…Social isolation and loneliness are related but distinct constructs, one being an objective state and the other a subjective, psychological state. 43 , 44 , 45 It may be that feelings of loneliness are a stronger predictor of mental health outcomes than is objective social isolation. 46 Longitudinal data on loneliness was not available for this study; nonetheless, it would be advantageous for further research on childhood social isolation to incorporate self-report data as well as teacher, parent, or peer ratings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Isolation and Mental Health at Primary and Secondary School Entry: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Matthews

Danese

Wertz

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

110

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ObjectiveWe tested whether children who are socially isolated early in their schooling develop mental health problems in early adolescence, taking into account their mental health and family risk at school entry.MethodWe used data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a birth cohort of 2,232 children born in England and Wales in 1994 and 1995. We measured social isolation using mothers’ and teachers’ reports at ages 5 and 12 years. We assessed mental health symptoms via mothers’ and teachers’ ratings at age 5 and self-report measures at age 12. We collected mother-reported information about the family environment when children were 5 years old. We conducted regression analyses to test concurrent and longitudinal associations between early family factors, social isolation, and mental health difficulties.ResultsAt both primary and secondary school, children who were socially isolated experienced greater mental health difficulties. Children with behavioral problems or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms at age 5 years had an elevated risk of becoming more socially isolated at age 12. However, children who were isolated at age 5 did not have greater mental health symptoms at age 12, over and above pre-existing difficulties.ConclusionAlthough social isolation and mental health problems co-occur in childhood, early isolation does not predict worse mental health problems later on. However, children who exhibit problematic behaviors may struggle to cope with the social challenges that accompany their progression through the early school years.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Isolation and Mental Health at Primary and Secondary School Entry: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Matthews

Danese

Wertz

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Loneliness is ‘the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person's network of social relations is deficient in some important way, either quantitatively or qualitatively’ (Perlman and Peplau 1981: 38). Although loneliness and social isolation are closely linked and often used interchangeably, theoretically speaking they are different concepts (Cornwell and Waite 2009; de Jong Gierveld, van Tilburg and Dykstra 2006).…”

Section: Lonelinessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Being lonely later in life: a qualitative study among Albanians and Moroccans in Italy

2016

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This study focuses on the social wellbeing of older migrants in Italy, an important yet neglected topic in the Italian political and scholarly debate. Knowledge about the lived experience of loneliness and its perceived causes was gathered by means of 34 in-depth interviews with Albanian and Moroccan migrants aged 50 and older living in the Marche region. Our findings show that the participants are surrounded by family and are largely satisfied with the contact they have with relatives; this protects them from social isolation but not from loneliness. Although they rarely express this to their spouse and friends (men) or their children (men and women), feelings of loneliness are widely experienced among the participants. The root of their loneliness largely relates to a lack of meaningful relationships with non-related age peers -having a chat, remembering old times, socializing with others when family members are busy, talking about intimate matters they cannot or will not share with relatives -which supports the argument of loneliness scholars that different types of relationships serve different functions and fulfil different needs. Having more contact with people outside the family circle, especially with co-ethnic peers, could reduce these feelings of loneliness substantially, but factors such as discrimination and lack of Italian language proficiency, free time, financial resources and nearby contact facilities are hindrances. These factors offer clues for public loneliness interventions.

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“…Loneliness, defined as a negative emotional response to a discrepancy between the desired and actual quality or quantity of interpersonal relationships [ 1 ], can have severe consequences for physical and mental health, including higher morbidity and mortality [ 2 ]. Earlier research suggested that loneliness may be related to heightened attention for social cues in the environment, which can be used to prevent social rejection and promote opportunity for inclusion [ 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness and Hypervigilance to Social Cues in Females: An Eye-Tracking Study

et al. 2015

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The goal of the present study was to examine whether lonely individuals differ from nonlonely individuals in their overt visual attention to social cues. Previous studies showed that loneliness was related to biased post-attentive processing of social cues (e.g., negative interpretation bias), but research on whether lonely and nonlonely individuals also show differences in an earlier information processing stage (gazing behavior) is very limited. A sample of 25 lonely and 25 nonlonely students took part in an eye-tracking study consisting of four tasks. We measured gazing (duration, number of fixations and first fixation) at the eyes, nose and mouth region of faces expressing emotions (Task 1), at emotion quadrants (anger, fear, happiness and neutral expression) (Task 2), at quadrants with positive and negative social and nonsocial images (Task 3), and at the facial area of actors in video clips with positive and negative content (Task 4). In general, participants tended to gaze most often and longest at areas that conveyed most social information, such as the eye region of the face (T1), and social images (T3). Participants gazed most often and longest at happy faces (T2) in still images, and more often and longer at the facial area in negative than in positive video clips (T4). No differences occurred between lonely and nonlonely participants in their gazing times and frequencies, nor at first fixations at social cues in the four different tasks. Based on this study, we found no evidence that overt visual attention to social cues differs between lonely and nonlonely individuals. This implies that biases in social information processing of lonely individuals may be limited to other phases of social information processing. Alternatively, biased overt attention to social cues may only occur under specific conditions, for specific stimuli or for specific lonely individuals.

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The Seven Seas of the Study of Personal Relationships Research

Cited by 157 publications

References 0 publications

Social Isolation and Mental Health at Primary and Secondary School Entry: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Social Isolation and Mental Health at Primary and Secondary School Entry: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Being lonely later in life: a qualitative study among Albanians and Moroccans in Italy

Loneliness and Hypervigilance to Social Cues in Females: An Eye-Tracking Study

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