The Sex–Gender Effects in the Road to Tailored Botanicals

Campesi, Ilaria; Romani, Annalisa; Franconi, Flavia

doi:10.3390/nu11071637

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 183 publications

(250 reference statements)

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“…In particular, intestinal micro-organisms produce benzoate [56,57], that the host conjugates with glycine through glycine N-acyltransferase [58], whose gene is less expressed in women than in men [59]. Thus, it is plausible that some differences in urinary organic acids could depend on gut microbiota, which is sex and age dependent [60][61][62], in other words, it is conceivable that gut microbiota may be a generator of sex differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sex on Urinary Organic Acids: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children

Caterino

Ruoppolo

Villani

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The characterization of urinary metabolome, which provides a fingerprint for each individual, is an important step to reach personalized medicine. It is influenced by exogenous and endogenous factors; among them, we investigated sex influences on 72 organic acids measured through GC-MS analysis in the urine of 291 children (152 males; 139 females) aging 1–36 months and stratified in four groups of age. Among the 72 urinary metabolites, in all age groups, 4-hydroxy-butirate and homogentisate are found only in males, whereas 3-hydroxy-dodecanoate, methylcitrate, and phenylacetate are found only in females. Sex differences are still present after age stratification being more numerous during the first 6 months of life. The most relevant sex differences involve the mitochondria homeostasis. In females, citrate cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and butanoate metabolism had the highest impact. In males, urinary organic acids were involved in phenylalanine metabolism, citrate cycle, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. In addition, age specifically affected metabolic pathways, the phenylalanine metabolism pathway being affected by age only in males. Relevantly, the age-influenced ranking of metabolic pathways varied in the two sexes. In conclusion, sex deeply influences both quantitatively and qualitatively urinary organic acids levels, the effect of sex being age dependent. Importantly, the sex effects depend on the single organic acid; thus, in some cases the urinary organic acid reference values should be stratified according the sex and age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sex on Urinary Organic Acids: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children

Caterino

Ruoppolo

Villani

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…The heterogeneity in the cardiometabolic response to polyphenols may be influenced by gender, age, health status, and medication, variables that were considered in our regression models [ 42 ]. Sex-gender differences could have important implications in the bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of phenolic compounds [ 43 ]. Sexual dimorphism in the absorption of polyphenols has been explained in animal models, where the expression of uridine 5’-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), the enzyme responsible for the absorption of polyphenols in the small intestine, was higher in males than females, affecting the glucuronidation of polyphenols [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenols in Urine and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Reveals Gender Differences in Spanish Adolescents from the SI! Program

et al. 2020

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(1) Background: Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between polyphenol intake and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in adults, but few have provided information about adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between urinary total polyphenol excretion (TPE) and CVRFs in adolescents. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 1194 Spanish adolescents from the SI! (Salud Integral) program. TPE in urine samples was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, after solid-phase extraction, and categorized into quartiles. The association between TPE and CVRFs was estimated using mixed-effect linear regression and a structural equation model (SEM). (3) Results: Linear regression showed negative associations among the highest quartile of TPE and body fat percentage (B = −1.75, p-value = <0.001), triglycerides (TG) (B = −17.68, p-value = <0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (B = −8.66, p-value = 0.002), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C) (B = −4.09, p-value = 0.008) in boys, after adjusting for all confounder variables. Negative associations between TPE quartiles and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and TC were also found in girls. Moreover, a structural equation model revealed that TPE was directly associated with body composition and blood glucose and indirectly associated with blood pressure, TG, LDL-C, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in boys. (4) Conclusions: Higher concentrations of TPE were associated with a better profile of cardiovascular health, especially in boys, while in girls, the association was not as strong.

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“…Actually, botanicals are largely used [23,24], especially by women [25,26], but rigorous findings regarding their efficacy and safety profiles are still lacking [27]. Besides, the influence of sex on botanicals including EVOO, VOO, OO, and MPCs is also lacking; nevertheless, the individual's sex and gender is one of the most important modulators of CV health [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and the numerous sex and gender differences at CV level are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil an Ally for Women’s and Men’s Cardiovascular Health?

Franconi

Campesi

Romani

2020

Cardiovascular Therapeutics

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Noncommunicable diseases are long-lasting and slowly progressive and are the leading causes of death and disability. They include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) that are rising worldwide, with CVD being the leading cause of death in developed countries. Thus, there is a need to find new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Polyphenols seem to have cardioprotective properties; among them, polyphenols and/or minor polar compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are attracting special interest. In consideration of numerous sex differences present in CVD and DM, in this narrative review, we applied “gender glasses.” Globally, it emerges that olive oil and its derivatives exert some anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, modulate glucose metabolism, and ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. However, as in prescription drugs, also in this case there is an important gender bias because the majority of the preclinical studies are performed on male animals, and the sex of donors of cells is not often known; thus a sex/gender bias characterizes preclinical research. There are numerous clinical studies that seem to suggest the benefits of EVOO and its derivatives in CVD; however, these studies have numerous limitations, presenting also a considerable heterogeneity across the interventions. Among limitations, one of the most relevant in the era of personalized medicine, is the non-attention versus women that are few and, also when they are enrolled, sex analysis is lacking. Therefore, in our opinion, it is time to perform more long, extensive and lessheterogeneous trials enrolling both women and men.

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The Sex–Gender Effects in the Road to Tailored Botanicals

Cited by 20 publications

References 183 publications

Influence of Sex on Urinary Organic Acids: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children

Influence of Sex on Urinary Organic Acids: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children

Polyphenols in Urine and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Reveals Gender Differences in Spanish Adolescents from the SI! Program

Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil an Ally for Women’s and Men’s Cardiovascular Health?

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