The sexual cycle in the human female as revealed by vaginal smears

Papanicolaou, George N.

doi:10.1002/aja.1000520402

Cited by 273 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The ovulation occurs from the beginning of proestrus to the end of estrus. From the onset of sexual maturity up to the age of 12 months, the mean cycle length in the female rat is 4 days, and this short cycle length makes the rat an ideal animal for investigation of changes occurring during the reproductive cycle (Papanicolaou, 1933).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic osteopenia in premenopausal rats

Duarte

Rodrigues

Rezende

et al. 2010

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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The relationship between lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense and diabetic osteopenia remains unclear. This study evaluated the relationship among lipid peroxidation index, antioxidant defense parameters and bone metabolism in a premenopausal diabetic model using measures including thiobarbituric acidreactive substances concentration (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in brain homogenates, histomorphometric analysis, biomechanical testing and bone mineral density (BMD). Female Wistar rats with regular estrous cycle were divided into two groups: Group 1: control rats (n = 15) and Group 2: diabetic rats (n = 15). Diabetes was induced by alloxan and confirmed by glycemia ≥250 mg/dL. The lipid peroxidation index, measured by TBARS concentration, showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in diabetic animals in comparison to control animals. However, the antioxidant parameter measured by GSH content, was significantly lower (p<0.05) in diabetic animals. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in femoral trabecular separation together with a significant decrease (p<0.05) in trabecular thickness, and reduced trabecular bone volume in diabetic rats. Moreover, biomechanical testing and BMD values were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the diabetic group. Thus, our results demonstrated that increased lipid peroxidation and altered antioxidant defense could be related to the development of oxidative stress and diabetic osteopenia in premenopausal rats.Uniterms: Oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation. Diabetes mellitus. Diabetic osteopenia/experimental study.A relação entre peroxidação lipídica, defesa antioxidante e osteopenia diabética permanece obscura. Este estudo avaliou a associação entre índice de peroxidação lipídica, parâmetro de defesa antioxidante e metabolismo ósseo em um modelo diabético pré-menopausa através de medidas como a concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRAT) e conteúdo de glutationa reduzida (GSH) no homogenato cerebral, análises histomorfométricas, teste biomecânico e densidade mineral óssea (DMO). Ratos Wistar fêmeas com ciclo estral regular foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 -ratas controle (n = 15) e Grupo 2 -ratas diabéticas (n = 15). O diabetes foi induzido pela aloxana e confirmado pela glicemia ≥250 mg/dL. O índice de peroxidação lipídica, medido pela concentração de SRAT, demonstrou um aumento significativo (p<0.05) nos animais diabéticos, em relação aos animais controle. Entretanto, o parâmetro de defesa antioxidante, mensurado pelo conteúdo de GSH, foi reduzido significativamente (p<0.05) nos animais diabéticos. As análises histomorfométricas mostraram um aumento significativo (p<0.05) da separação trabecular do fêmur, associado à diminuição significativa da espessura trabecular (p<0.05) e volume ósseo trabecular reduzido nas ratas diabéticas. Além disso, o teste biomecânico, V.M.G. Duarte, A. de S. Rodrigues, L.A. de Rezende, A.Ma. de O. Ramos, R.M. de Souza, F.P.F. Neto, A. da C. Medeiros 540 medido pela força máxima, e val...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic osteopenia in premenopausal rats

Duarte

Rodrigues

Rezende

et al. 2010

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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“…Papanicolaou cited the work of Ramirez (1928) and Moser (1928) [5] . These scientists studied the nature and structure of the vaginal squamous epithelium, and the variable cornification of cells comprising the stratified epithelial zones.…”

supporting

confidence: 41%

“…Papanicolaou's remarkable work to overcome these problems emerged in a seminal paper published in 1933 in the American Journal of Anatomy (entitled "The Sexual Cycle in the Human Female as Revealed by Vaginal Smears") [5] . The report consisted of 118 pages documenting the problems in reconciling cellular features in both healthy and diseased women with those observed in guinea pig cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 42%

“…From the English literature, the evolutionary phases of the Pap stain followed a series of historical and scientific events which primarily occurred after Papanicolaou first noticed cervical cancer cells in 1925 [5] . After introducing the 5-dye protocol in 1942, he modified it formally on 3 occasions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 44%

“…Nonetheless, he provided the following defense for eliminating the air drying of smeared cells. The following is from Papanicolaou (1933) [5] :…”

mentioning

confidence: 46%

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Inception and Development of the Papanicolaou Stain Method

et al. 2017

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Objective: Cytodiagnoses of specific malignancies are enabled through analyses of abnormal nuclear chromatin and cytoplasmic features in stained cells. Aim: The objective of this work was to explore the inception, development, and chemistry of the Pap stain method introduced in 1942 by Dr. G.N. Papanicolaou. Study Design: To achieve this, we carried out a review of the English literature. Results: Between 1914 and 1933, Papanicolaou first analyzed vaginal squamous cells in guinea pigs and later in human vaginal fluid samples using hematoxylin and eosin with limited color reactions, correlating the cell-type morphology with endocrinology and histology. The 5-dye Pap stain method evolved through 2 salient phases. The first, between 1933 and 1942, saw the introduction of alcohol-ether fixation and aqueous waterblue staining to enhance cellular transparency, aiding the distinction of cervical cancer cells from benign cells, with quantitative and qualitative assessment of squamous cell maturity. The second phase, between 1942 and 1960, saw the introduction and refinement of various alcoholic cytoplasmic counterstaining schemes with orange G and EA (light green, Bismarck brown, eosin) and phosphotungstic acid, allowing wider ranges of polychromasia and further enhancing cellular visualization, facilitating the distinction of cell types and improving diagnostic confidence. Conclusions: Development of the Pap stain method followed specific historical and scientific events. The staining method evolved following incremental improvements in cellular transparency achieved through tailored cellular fixation and cytoplasmic staining using variable dye and pH combinations.

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Estrogenic Therapy of Involutional Melancholia

Dynes¹

1939

Arch NeurPsych

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The sexual cycle in the human female as revealed by vaginal smears

Cited by 273 publications

References 47 publications

Relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic osteopenia in premenopausal rats

Relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic osteopenia in premenopausal rats

Inception and Development of the Papanicolaou Stain Method

Estrogenic Therapy of Involutional Melancholia

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