The Shanghai Co-operation Organization: China's Changing Influence in Central Asia

Abstract

China, Russia and the Central Asian states of

Contested regional orders and institutional balancing in the Asia Pacific

“…China, on the other hand, preferred a limited and exclusive setting of the organization so that China can promote its economic and military cooperation agendas in the SCO (Chung, 2004). Although the SCO has not expanded to admit any new members since 2001, the potential competition between Russia and China may influence the future cohesion and development of the SCO.…”

An elephant in the planning room: Political demography and its influence on sustainable land-use planning in drylands

“…In 1993 China signed a military communiqué with Kazakhstan and an agreement on military and security matters with Kyrgyzstan. Along with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan, China launched the "Shanghai Five" summit, which later developed into the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization," to fight separatism, terrorism and religious extremism and build cooperation along their borders (Chung, 2004). After September 11, 2001, SinoAmerican Strategic interactions turned from rivalry to cooperation.…”

“Making the Crooked Straight”: China's Grand Strategy of “Peaceful Rise” and its Central Asian Dimension

“…32 Significantly, an area in which these watchwords have been especially prevalent in China's foreign policy have been within its relations with the post-Soviet Central Asian Republics. 33 This dynamic illustrates a further imbrication of China's strategic and foreign policy -the development of multiple regional and global relationships in order to mitigate against the perceived threat of monopolar US power in the international system. 34 Therefore, the notion of a "grand strategy" can be understood to consist of the evolution and development of a series of broad foreign policy objectives since 1991 that have framed the practice of Chinese power in international China's Grand Strategy of "Peaceful Rise" 113 affairs -that is, in Avery Goldstein's terms, a "distinctive combination of military, political and economic means by which a state seeks to ensure its national security."…”