The sharable content object reference model (SCORM) - a critical review

Bohl, Oliver; Scheuhase, J.; Sengler, R.; Winand, Udo

doi:10.1109/cie.2002.1186122

Cited by 94 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Through the same interface it is possible to access, manipulate and share the objects without relying on specific, locally installed, software which is often difficult to handle for less expert users. The system can handle a variety of LOs, ranging from simple ones (i.e., text files and images) to more elaborate ones such as SCORM [23] files which seems to represent the foundation for building interoperable e-learning repositories [50] [51]. Each LO is enriched by proper metadata whose values are stored in the repository where the LO resides.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LORs typically allow to collect LOs in different formats [23], [24], [25], however a number of reasons may prevent content creators from following such standards, for instance the lack of support from tools and their familiarity with the tools [26]. Despite the potential issues due to the different formats [27], their online availability allows teachers to easily compose LOs into courses using specific, although sometimes complex, software packages.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Architecture for Cross-Repository Creation and Sharing of Educational Resources

Favario

Masala

2017

Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.

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Abstract-A large amount of educational resources are currently available in the Internet, covering educational needs for many school grades. However, using such wealth of material, typically dispersed in several repositories, in a simple and effective way, is rather challenging due to the difficulties encountered by teachers in learning the peculiar access and operational procedures that each repository system requires. Therefore, it is important to provide the teachers with a centralized, integrated, simple system that can address most of their needs so that every operation (search, edit, share, download) can be done from a single location. This work follows this direction by designing and presenting both an architecture to integrate different repository systems using the Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) API and an integration layer that provides a simple web interface suitable for the needs of both the content creators (teachers) and the users of the contents (learners). Results have been evaluated both quantitatively, i.e., using performance indicators such as response time, and qualitatively, on the basis of the user experience evaluated through a questionnaire. Both type of results show that the platform adequately addresses user needs therefore it has the potential to be embraced by a large user community. Keywords-computer uses in education, e-learning tools, CMIS, open source IntroductionIn the latest years the interest for e-learning systems is steadily increasing due to the many advantages they are expected to deliver, e.g., lower costs, better course adaptation for students, remote delivery, etc. The abundance of such software suites led to the current situation in which there is a strong fragmentation in the e-learning software suites adopted by even very similar education institutions [7]. For instance, our university relies on Alfresco while the other university in the same city is using Nuxeo. Clearly, a situation in which each institution proceeds on its own is not ideal since network and saving effects cannot be exploited. The Italian Ministry of Education, for instance, is pushing towards unification efforts by supporting projects for the creation of mini-portals and similar initiatives. However, a large amount of material has been made available in each of those institutional repositories and it would be desirable to be able to reuse it, without waiting for major infrastructure changes, through simple means, e.g., uniform access platforms and interfaces.Some solutions trying to address the fragmentation and heterogeneity of repositories have been proposed in the past. The latest trend is to use Unified E-learning Repositories (UER) that attempt to simplify sharing resources between different institutions using a single access point and solution [8]. However, several integration issues need to be solved, in particular for distributed searches [9], [10] and communication between repositories [11].Interoperability requires a common framework both for interfaces and queries. The...

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Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Architecture for Cross-Repository Creation and Sharing of Educational Resources

Favario

Masala

2017

Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.

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“…To make labs interoperable with learning environments different approaches are possible. For instance, the LiLa project [15] bundles labs in SCORM [3] packages, but this does not always enable proper interoperability since SCORM is not designed for interactive labs and the support of the latest versions of SCORM by learning environments is low. In Go-Lab, online labs will be provided as smart devices [9] that make labs more ubiquitous, autonomous and selfaware.…”

Section: Portal Interoperabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an Online Lab Portal for Inquiry-Based STEM Learning at School

Govaerts

Cao²,

Vozniuk

et al. 2013

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Abstract. Nowadays, the knowledge economy is growing rapidly. To sustain future growth, more well educated people in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) are needed. In the Go-Lab project we aim to motivate and orient students from an early age on to study STEM fields in their future educational path by applying inquiry learning using online labs. This paper presents an inquiry learning portal where teachers can discover, use and enhance online labs appropriate for their courses and students can acquire scientific methodology skills while doing experiments using the labs. The Go-Lab portal architecture is presented, which contains a repository of online labs, inquiry learning spaces and complementary services. The paper discusses a first version of the portal and our future plans.

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“…Both the concept of learning object and its realization in the SCORM model are not free of controversy (Polsani, 2003;Bohl et al, 2002). As a consequence, studies regarding learning objects are first forced to commit to a concrete definition of the term.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Concepts of Usability and Reusability of Learning Objects

Sicilia¹,

García²

2003

IRRODL

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Abstract"Reusable learning objects" oriented towards increasing their potential reusability are required to satisfy concerns about their granularity and their independence of concrete contexts of use. Such requirements also entail that the definition of learning object "usability," and the techniques required to carry out their "usability evaluation" must be substantially different from those commonly used to characterize and evaluate the usability of conventional educational applications. In this article, a specific characterization of the concept of learning object usability is discussed, which places emphasis on "reusability," the key property of learning objects residing in repositories. The concept of learning object reusability is described as the possibility and adequacy for the object to be usable in prospective educational settings, so that usability and reusability are considered two interrelated -and in many cases conflicting -properties of learning objects. Following the proposed characterization of two characteristics or properties of learning objects, a method to evaluate usability of specific learning objects will be presented.

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The sharable content object reference model (SCORM) - a critical review

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

A New Architecture for Cross-Repository Creation and Sharing of Educational Resources

A New Architecture for Cross-Repository Creation and Sharing of Educational Resources

Towards an Online Lab Portal for Inquiry-Based STEM Learning at School

On the Concepts of Usability and Reusability of Learning Objects

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