“…Since the findings in the last section indicate that better-quality (private) IR has helped to diversify a firm’s shareholder base, we test whether this has also helped to reduce stock volatility during the crisis. The argument is that as the number of financially sophisticated investors, especially institutional and foreign investors, increases, there is a substantial improvement in the amount and accuracy of the information about the firm; and thus stock volatility decreases ( Jankensgård, Vilhelmsson, 2018 , Holmström, Tirole, 1993 , Li, Nguyen, Pham, Wei, 2011 , Merton, 1987 ). In fact, this argument may be particularly viable during times of crisis when the level of uncertainty is high.…”