The Shifting Balance of Diversity Among Major Marine Animal Groups

Alroy, John

doi:10.1126/science.1189910

Cited by 388 publications

(546 citation statements)

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“…[21,22,24,31]), but uncertainty remains over the form of diversity-dependence [15,37] and whether it acts through speciation rates, extinction rates or both [26,28,29,38,39]. Here, we use an equal-rates logistic model of diversity-dependent cladogenesis [37] and vary instantaneous per-lineage rates of both speciation (l) and extinction (m) as a function of initial speciation rate (b) and extinction rate at equilibrium (d), as the number of extant lineages (N) approaches the maximum possible diversity of the clade (M) [1]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equilibrium diversity emerges from the attributes of a clade and extrinsic factors including climate and the nature and size of the area available for diversification [1,21,25,31]. Extrinsic changes that add or remove suitable habitat, such as major climatic change, can therefore affect diversity limits [24,32,33], even without intrinsic changes such as key innovations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detecting shifts in diversity limits from molecular phylogenies: what can we know?

McInnes

Purvis

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Large complete species-level molecular phylogenies can provide the most direct information about the macroevolutionary history of clades having poor fossil records. However, extinction will ultimately erode evidence of pulses of rapid speciation in the deep past. Assessment of how well, and for how long, phylogenies retain the signature of such pulses has hitherto been based on a-probably untenable-model of ongoing diversity-independent diversification. Here, we develop two new tests for changes in diversification 'rules' and evaluate their power to detect sudden increases in equilibrium diversity in clades simulated with diversity-dependent speciation and extinction rates. Pulses of diversification are only detected easily if they occurred recently and if the rate of species turnover at equilibrium is low; rates reported for fossil mammals suggest that the power to detect a doubling of species diversity falls to 50 per cent after less than 50 Myr even with a perfect phylogeny of extant species. Extinction does eventually draw a veil over past dynamics, suggesting that some questions are beyond the limits of inference, but sudden clade-wide pulses of speciation can be detected after many millions of years, even when overall diversity is constrained. Applying our methods to existing phylogenies of mammals and angiosperms identifies intervals of elevated diversification in each.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting shifts in diversity limits from molecular phylogenies: what can we know?

McInnes

Purvis

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…The Ordovician culminated in one of the major Phanerozoic mass extinctions, ranked roughly fourth in severity, equivalent to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary mass extinction (Alroy, 2008(Alroy, , 2010a. Mass extinctions due to multiple glaciations in Gondwana severely affected the tropical coral-sponge reef ecosystem in the Late Ordovician (Copper, , 2011Webby, 2002), and its concomitant tropical shelly faunas, in which athyride brachiopods played a significant role.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early athyride brachiopod evolution through the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction and recovery, Anticosti Island, eastern Canada

Copper¹,

Jin²

2017

J. Paleontol.

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Abstract.-The subfamily Hindellinae is an early group of athyride brachiopods, characterized by a simple jugum that connects the laterally directed spiralia, which are disjunct from the crura. Four genera (Hindella, Cryptothyrella, Koigia, and Hyattidina) are reexamined on the basis of their internal structures, such as the crura and their connection to the hinge, the jugum, and spiralia. The internal brachidium and shell of the Aeronian genus Cryptothyrella differ substantially from those of Hindella. Elkanathyris pallula n. gen. n. sp. is recognized as a posteriorly ribbed hindellide of Aeronian age. These genera are transferred from the Meristellinae to the subfamily Hindellinae (family Hindellidae). On Anticosti Island, Hindella is confined to the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician): it became extinct at the end Ordovician during the last of several mass extinction events that also extinguished the Laframboise reefs at the top of the Ellis Bay Formation. Post-extinction recovery of athyrides was pioneered by small-shelled Koigia, which are abundant in the basal Silurian Becscie Formation. Hyattidina, with a simple brachidium, is abundant in the Aeronian and Telychian of Anticosti, but absent earlier. True meristellines, as envisioned here, first appeared in the Aeronian Gun River Formation. The revised taxonomy and stratigraphic ranges of these earliest athyrides shed light on the nature of the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction and recovery, and help refine the biostratigraphy of the O-S boundary interval.

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“…MS, on the other hand, is an individual-based interpolation (rarefaction) technique that estimates the number of species in a reduced sample. Individual-based rarefaction is often used to render two or more community samples comparable by computing richness values expected from a given number of sampled individuals (14) or, more recently, a sampling completeness (coverage) target (15,16). MS is similar to the latter in that it computes the number of species encountered when the fraction of nonsingletons (i.e., "multitons") reaches a target number.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%