The short-term effect of vitamin D supplementation on the response to muscle and liver damages indices by exhaustive aerobic exercise in untrained men: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract

Background Exercise-induced muscle damage typically caused by unaccustomed exercise results in pain, soreness, inflammation, and muscle and liver damages. Antioxidant supplementation might be a useful approach to reduce myocytes and hepatocytes damages. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of short-term vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation on the response to muscle and liver damages indices by Exhaustive Aerobic Exercise (EAE) in untrained men. Methods In this clinical trial, 24 untrained men were randomly divided into experimental (Exp; n = 12) and control (C; n = 12) groups. Exp received 2000 IU of Vit D daily for six weeks (42 days), while C daily received a lactose placebo with the same color, shape, and warmth percentage. Two bouts of EAE were performed on a treadmill before and after six weeks of supplementation. Anthropometric characteristics (Bodyweight (BW), height, Body Fat Percentage (BFP), Body Mass Index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR)) were measured at the Pre 1 and Pre 2. Blood samples were taken to measure the Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Vit D levels at four stages: Pre 1 (before the first EE session), Post 1 (after the first EE session), Pre 2 (before the second EE session), and Post 2 (after the second EE session). The data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni's post hoc test, independent t test, and dependent t-test at the significant level of P < 0.05 using SPSS version 26. Results The results show significant differences between Exp and C in alterations of BW (P = 0.039), BMI (P = 0.025), BFP (P = 0.043), and WHR (P = 0.035). The results showed that EAE increased muscle and liver damage indices and Vit D (P < 0.05). Compared with C, the results of the independent t-test showed significantly lower ALT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), AST (P = 0.011; P = 0.001), GGT (P = 0.018; P = 0.001), and ALP (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher Vit D (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in the Exp in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptivity. The independent t test showed significantly lower ALT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), AST (P = 0.011; P = 0.001), GGT (P = 0.018; P = 0.001), and ALP (P = 0.001; P = 0.001) and considerably greater Vit D (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in the Exp in both Pre 2 and Post 2 compared to C. The results of an independent t test showed that LDH and CK levels in the Exp were significantly lower than those in the Post 2 (P = 0.001). Conclusions Short-term Vit D supplementation could prevent myocytes and hepatocytes damage induced by EAE.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and recovery after exercise‐induced muscle damage: A systematic review

“…One study was added from the reference lists of selected articles, and the final number of studies in this systematic review was 11. 43,44,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] A summary of the search process is depicted in Figure 1.…”

“…All the selected studies were conducted with healthy or apparently healthy subjects, except one 51 whose participants were considered healthy but suffered from non-specific perceived myalgia. Seven studies were conducted with men, 43,47,48,50,52,53,55 three with women 47,51,54 and one with men and women. 44 The mean age of the participants ranged from 15.90 ± 0.29 years to 42.40 ± 7.59 years.…”

Alterations of liver enzymes and lipid profile in response to exhaustive eccentric exercise: vitamin D supplementation trial in overweight females with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

“…Previous studies have investigated the effect of long-term vitamin D supplementation on the lipid profile in NAFLD patients [24,25]. However, limited studies have investigated the effect of short-term Vit D supplementation on the EEE-induced alterations in NAFLD patients [26]. The possible mechanisms might involve the role of Vit D in increasing the lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue [27].…”

“…In addition, a significant increase in Vit D level was observed following EEE. Since Vit D is a fat-soluble vitamin stored in adipose tissue and liver cells [33], and the cell membrane comprises two phospholipid layers, the higher Vit D levels after EEE might be higher linked to the cell membrane damage [26,38].…”

Mechanistic Understanding of D-Glucaric Acid to Support Liver Detoxification Essential to Muscle Health Using a Computational Systems Biology Approach

“…Muscle soreness and liver health are interconnected systems [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Muscle soreness has been shown to upregulate biomarkers of liver damage and liver toxicity [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], and liver detoxification has been shown to support muscle recovery [ 8 ]. Dietary supplementation has been shown to ameliorate muscle and liver damage [ 6 , 9 ]; however, the mechanistic reasons of such benefits are not yet fully understood.…”