The short‐term effects of air pollution on daily mortality in four Australian cities

Simpson, R.W.; Williams, Gail M.; Petroeschevsky, Anna; Best, Trudi; Morgan, Geoffrey G.; Denison, Lyn; Hinwood, Andrea; Neville, Gerard; Neller, Anne

doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2005.tb00758.x

Cited by 88 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For instance, a 10 mg/m 3 increase in previous day's PM 10 has been associated with a 0.27% and 0.35% increase in all-cause mortality (Dominici et al, 2005;Zeka et al, 2005); we found this increase to be 1.21% with PM 2.5 . A recent study of PM 2.5 and mortality in four Australian cities reported an almost identical effect size (Simpson et al, 2005) to ours. In our study, the largest specific-cause association with PM 2.5 occurred for respiratory related deaths and its magnitude was larger than that associated with PM 10 (Zeka et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Association between PM2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities

Franklin

Zeka

Schwartz

2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

422

260

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While fine mode particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) forms the basis for regulating particles in the US and other countries, there is a serious paucity of large population-based studies of its acute effect on mortality. To address this issue, we examined the association between PM 2.5 and both all-cause and specificcause mortality using over 1.3 million deaths in 27 US communities between 1997 and 2002. A two-stage approach was used. First, the association between PM 2.5 and mortality in each community was quantified using a case-crossover design. Second, meta-analysis was used to estimate a summary effect over all 27 communities. Effect modification of age and gender was examined using interaction terms in the case-crossover model, while effect modification of community-specific characteristics including geographic location, annual PM 2.5 concentration above 15 mg/m 3 and central air conditioning prevalence was examined using meta-regression. We observed a 1.21% (95% CI 0.29, 2.14%) increase in all-cause mortality, a 1.78% (95% CI 0.20, 3.36%) increase in respiratory related mortality and a 1.03% (95% CI 0.02, 2.04%) increase in stroke related mortality with a 10 mg/m 3 increase in previous day's PM 2.5 . The magnitude of these associations is more than triple that recently reported for PM 10 , suggesting that combustion and traffic related particles are more toxic than larger sized particles. Effect modification occurred in all-cause and specific-cause deaths with greater effects in subjects Z75 years of age. There was suggestive evidence that women may be more susceptible to PM 2.5 effects than men, and that effects were larger in the East than in the West. Increased prevalence of central air conditioning was associated with a decreased effect of PM 2.5 . Our findings describe the magnitude of the effect on all-cause and specific-cause mortality, the modifiers of this association, and suggest that PM 2.5 may pose a public health risk even at or below current ambient levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Association between PM2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities

Franklin

Zeka

Schwartz

2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

422

260

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“…163 Mortality associations with PM were also observed for nine French cities 164 and three Australian cities. 165 Two Asian multicity studies have reported daily mortality associations with measures of PM (see Table 1). The first was a study of seven major Korean cities.…”

Section: Multicity Studies Of Short-term Exposure Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect

Pope

Dockery²

2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

5,676

3,159

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Efforts to understand and mitigate the health effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollution have a rich and interesting history. This review focuses on six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There has been substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonary health. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.

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“…Reference % increase in mortality Global Review (Atkinson et al, 2014) 1.04 (0.52-1.56) USA (1970)(1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986) (Klemm, 2003) (Levy et al, 2012) 1.2 (0.5-1.9) California (1999-2002) (Ostro et al, 2006) 0.6 (0.2-1.0) Spain (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)) (Ostro et al, 2011) 1.4 (0.6-2.3) Australia (1996-1999) (Simpson et al, 2005) 0.9 (-0.7-2.5) Beijing (2007Beijing ( -2008) (Chen et al, 2011) 0.53 (0.37-0.69) Guangzhou (2007-2008) (Yang et al, 2012) …”

Section: Place (Study Year)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of PM2.5 Air Quality at the Indian Capital

Sahu

Kota

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In New Delhi, the capital city of India, concentrations of regulated air pollutants often exceed the Indian national ambient air quality standards (INAAQS). As the sources of these pollutants differ, it is of utmost priority to understand the most dangerous air pollutant to formulate better control strategies in the city. In this study, regulated air pollutant concentrations in New Delhi during 2011 to 2014 were collected. Compared to other pollutants, PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded the INAAQS quite often. While PM 2.5 exceeded INAAQS during 85% of the days, NO 2 , O 3 , CO and SO 2 exceeded only on 37, 14, 11 and 0% of the days, respectively. Using air quality index approach, the most dominant pollutant was identified as PM 2.5 , for 75 to 90% of the days. However, a seasonal variation in the percentage dominance of PM 2.5 was observed. For example, PM 2.5 was dominant during 95% of the winter and 68% of monsoon days. In addition to absolute concentrations, pollutants can also be ranked by studying their associated short term mortality impacts. However, such studies are rare in India. For the first time, the short term impact of PM 2.5 concentrations on non-disease specific mortality in New Delhi was assessed using Poisson regression models. Results indicated that the excessive risk associated with PM 2.5 estimated was 0.57, which was higher than the other regulated pollutants. This indicates a projected 6.2 and 6.5% decrease in mortality by meeting the PM 2.5 Indian standards and WHO set limits, respectively.

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The short‐term effects of air pollution on daily mortality in four Australian cities

Cited by 88 publications

References 17 publications

Association between PM2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities

Association between PM2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities

Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect

Significance of PM2.5 Air Quality at the Indian Capital

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