The Siak, a tropical black water river in central Sumatra on the verge of anoxia

Rixen, Tim; Baum, Antje; Pohlmann, Thomas; Balzer, Wolfgang; Samiaji, Joko; Jose, Christine

doi:10.1007/s10533-008-9239-y

Cited by 72 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Besides the mixing of the different water types, the decomposition of DOC is the second factor controlling DOC concentrations in the Siak and was studied during a DOC decomposition experiment (Rixen et al, 2008). The results of this experiment, which included the photochemical and bacterial degradation of DOC, showed that roughly 27% of the DOC was degradable within a period of 2 weeks, whereas the remaining larger fraction was refractory on that respective time scale.…”

Section: Mixing Model Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Leaching from Tropical Peat Soils and Consequences for Carbon Balances

2016

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Drainage and deforestation turned Southeast (SE) Asian peat soils into a globally important CO 2 source, because both processes accelerate peat decomposition. Carbon losses through soil leaching have so far not been quantified and the underlying processes have hardly been studied. In this study, we use results derived from nine expeditions to six Sumatran rivers and a mixing model to determine leaching processes in tropical peat soils, which are heavily disturbed by drainage and deforestation. Here we show that a reduced evapotranspiration and the resulting increased freshwater discharge in addition to the supply of labile leaf litter produced by re-growing secondary forests increase leaching of carbon by ∼200%. Enhanced freshwater fluxes and leaching of labile leaf litter from secondary vegetation appear to contribute 38 and 62% to the total increase, respectively. Decomposition of leached labile DOC can lead to hypoxic conditions in rivers draining disturbed peatlands. Leaching of the more refractory DOC from peat is an irrecoverable loss of soil that threatens the stability of peat-fringed coasts in SE Asia.

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Section: Mixing Model Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Leaching from Tropical Peat Soils and Consequences for Carbon Balances

2016

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“…7). Dissolved organic matter from the creek waters would also be responsible for the hypoxic conditions in the estuary 4,17 . As much as 40% of the mangrove leaf organic matter consisted of leachable materials 3 which will rapidly utilized by microbes and consume oxygen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spring Tide Hypoxia with Relation to Chemical Properties of the Sediments in the Matang Mangrove Estuary, Malaysia

Okamura

Tanaka

Siow

et al. 2010

JARQ

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The dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) were measured during four expeditions between 2007 and 2008 in the Sangga Besar River Estuary in the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), Peninsular Malaysia. Hypoxic conditions (DO < 3 mg/L) were observed during periods of well mixed spring tides almost throughout the estuary, while in the partially stratified neap tides, hypoxia in the estuary was restricted to the upper river and subsurface layers in the branch and creek area, where high Acid Volatile Sulfide and low oxidation-reduction potential values were observed in the surface sediments due to the accumulation and decomposition of mangrove derived organic matter. Based on the δ 13 C, the contribution of mangrove derived organic matter in the surface sediments of the creek area was estimated to be 77-87%. While in the coastal area, the contribution of phytoplankton was 58-68%. These results indicate that the formation of hypoxic waters in the estuary is mainly due to the tidal mixing of hypoxic waters from the creeks and branches with the estuarine waters during spring tides and probably oxygen consumption by resuspended sediments.

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“…The characteristics of the Siak River contains the high dissolved organic carbon, it was subsequently decayed by microbial thereof reduced the concentration of oxygen in the water (Baum et al, 2007;Rixen et al, 2008). Based on Table 4, the value of oxygen in the Siak water was considered low (Rixen et al, 2008;Rixen et al, 2010;Husna et al, 2014). King et al, (2012) explained that the River that had the characteristics of the Black River water contained low oxygen.…”

Section: Dissolved Oxygen (Do) Bod and Codmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upstream of Siak River watershed consists of two headstreams, Tapung Kiri River and Tapung Kanan River, which unify in Palas region, at Kampar Regency in the Siak Besar River, while the downstream is the Siak Besar River in Palas Village, in Kampar Regency up to Siak estuary in Siak Sri Indrapura Regency (DOPW, 2005). Besides, the Siak river has characteristic as a black water river (Baum et al, 2007;Wit et al, 2016), its water is reddish brown (Rixen et al, 2008;Siegel et al, 2009), as it contains humic acid compound (Amri, 2007;Siegel et al, 2009) that comes from the leaching of the surrounding Omni-Akuatika, 13 (1): 66-77, 2017 ISSN: 1858-3873 print / 2476-9347 online Research Article peat soils (Rixen et al, 2008). Moreover, the Siak River also has other unique features, such as the high levels of dissolved organic carbon, the low dissolved oxygen levels, and under the influence of tides (Baum et al, 2007;Rixen et al, 2008;Rixen et al, 2010;Baum and Rixen, 2014;Husnah et al, 2014;Putri and Pholmann, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although many researches have been carried out to know the water quality of the Siak River (Amri, 2007;Husnah et al, 2014;Rixen et al, 2008;Rixen et al, 2010 ;Baum and Rixen, 2014), the study on the water quality at the tides of the Siak River has been rarely reported. Some studies on the tides of the Siak River including Nedi (1999), reported about the water quality of the Siak River from the Palas village to the Buatan village.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quality of Water of the Downstream of the Siak River, Riau Province, Based on Tidal Condition

et al. 2017

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The quality of water in a river is affected by its natural condition and pollutant input originated from activities conducted around the river. In the Siak river, however, the black water effect influences the distribution of the pollutant in general. To understand the quality of water in the black water affected by an area, a study was conducted from December 2015 to July 2016. The water was sampled during low and high tides, in 8 sampling sites that were distributed along the river, from the mouth of the river in Siak Sri Indrapura Regency to upstream in Palas Village, Kampar Regency (around 180 km from the mouth of the river). The results showed that in the downstream of the Siak river, the quality of water during the low and high tides was worse than the 3 rd Class Water Quality Standard issued by the Government Regulation (GR No. 82 / 2001) except for the concentration of nitrate, total coliform, Hg, oil and fat. The BOD was 14-39.2 mg/L (the high tide) and 17-45.6 mg/L (the low tide), COD was 51.76-80.62 mg/L (the high tide) and 51.76-69.12 mg/L (the low tide), NH 3 -N was 0.03-1.09 mg/L (the high tide) and 0.03-0.92 mg/L (the low tide), while the NO 2 -N was 0.13-0.17 mg/L (the high tide) and 0.13-0.22 mg/L (the low tide). Based on the Storet Index, the water of the downstream in the Siak river during the low and the high tide can be categorized as heavily polluted (score -52 to -70), and it tends to decline during the high tide.

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The Siak, a tropical black water river in central Sumatra on the verge of anoxia

Cited by 72 publications

References 28 publications

Carbon Leaching from Tropical Peat Soils and Consequences for Carbon Balances

Carbon Leaching from Tropical Peat Soils and Consequences for Carbon Balances

Spring Tide Hypoxia with Relation to Chemical Properties of the Sediments in the Matang Mangrove Estuary, Malaysia

The Quality of Water of the Downstream of the Siak River, Riau Province, Based on Tidal Condition

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