The sicker sex is plastic: Thermal plasticity determines sex biases in pathogen transmission

Abstract

Sex differences are predicted to play an important role in the spread and evolution of pathogens. However, attempts to generalize the sicker sex have been challenged by intraspecific variability of sex biases across the infection process. Sex specific plasticity provides a framework to resolve this by elucidating how infection is shaped at the sex pathogen environment interface. Using the Daphnia magna and Pasteuria ramosa system, we measure infection outcomes for males and females across three temperatures and seven pathogen densities to quantify how sex specific plasticity shapes susceptibility, pathogen loads, and ultimately transmission. We find unique forms of plasticity at each stage of infection, including equivalent, sex specific, and divergent plasticity. Integrating these into a single estimate of transmission reveals a clear pattern, male-biased transmission at cold temperatures, and female-biased transmission at warm temperatures. Sex specific thermal plasticity thus determines the sicker sex, with implications for pathogen spread and evolution in a warming world.