The side stream and different spacers effects on the permeate water flux in forward osmosis process using computational fluid dynamics

Bahoosh, Mohsen; Kashi, Eslam; Shokrollahzadeh, Soheila

doi:10.1016/j.cep.2022.109113

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 36 publications

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“…As depicted in Figure , we designed a FO apparatus to densify the electrolyte. FO is a process that extracts water from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution using a semipermeable membrane. , The driving force behind this separation is the osmotic pressure gradient between the draw solution side (high concentration) and the feed solution side (low concentration). The difference between the higher osmotic pressure of the draw solution and the lower osmotic pressure of the dilute solution creates a net flux of water across the membrane from the lower osmotic pressure dilute (feed) solution side …”

Section: Experimental Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vanadium Electrolyte Densification and Gel Formation Processes

Li,

Mouron,

Perry

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This paper describes the processes used to transform liquid vanadium electrolytes into solid form for shipment from the manufacturing site to the vanadium redox flow battery application site. The processes involve removing a large amount of water from the vanadium electrolytes by forward osmosis and transforming the concentrated electrolytes into a lowcrystallinity, gel-like solid that can be quickly reconstituted to its original liquid form by the addition of water. The osmosis cell consists of two liquid compartments separated by a Nafion 211 membrane supported by a porous carbon layer on each side. Concentrated sulfuric acid was used as the draw solution and fed in the counterdirection from the vanadium electrolyte feed. This study identifies the optimal conditions for full-gel formation, requiring the following: electrolyte densification level ≥50%, nucleation material density ≥10 mg/mL, and mixing time ≥1 h. The precipitation process was successfully demonstrated for volumes up to 200 mL. This study also found that phosphoric acid, often added to improve the stability of these vanadium sulfate electrolytes, has an adverse impact on the precipitation process but can be overcome with a higher electrolyte densification level or higher nucleation material density.

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Section: Experimental Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%