The Signature of Sea Spray in the Hexos Turbulent Heat Flux Data

Andreas, Edgar L.; DeCosmo, Janice

doi:10.1023/a:1014564513650

Cited by 78 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The model system consists of the MM5 atmospheric model and a bulk-type formulation for the heat and momentum effects of sea spray from Andreas and DeCosmo (2002) and Andreas (2003). The effects of sea spray on the atmospheric boundary layer are our focus in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wind functions V S and V L depend on u * and tune Eqs (4) and (5) to the HEXOS data (Andreas and DeCosmo, 2002;Andreas, 2003). The combined spray and interfacial fluxes constitute the boundary conditions at our lowest model level.…”

Section: Bulk Turbulent Flux and Sea Spray Flux Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Andreas (1998) later modified his sea spray model for application to high winds. This led to the development of the spray parameterization scheme for high wind conditions (Andreas and DeCosmo, 2002;Andreas et al, 2008;Andreas, 2011) that makes it possible for us to study the impact of sea spray on hurricanes with a coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of sea spray on the boundary layer structure of Typhoon Imbudo

Tang

Chen

et al. 2013

Acta Oceanol. Sin.

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High winds in a typhoon over the ocean can produce substantial amounts of spray in the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer, which can modify the transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture across the air-sea interface. However, the consequent effects on the boundary layer structure and the evolution of the typhoon are largely unknown. The focus of this paper is on the role of sea spray on the storm intensity and the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. The case study is Typhoon Imbudo in July 2003. The results show that sea spray tends to intensify storms by increasing the sea surface heat fluxes. Moreover, the effects of sea spray are mainly felt in boundary layer. Spray evaporation causes the atmospheric boundary layer to experience cooling and moistening. Sea spray can cause significant effects on the structure of boundary layer. The boundary-layer height over the eyewall area east to the center of Typhoon Imbudo was increased with a maximum up to about 550 m due to sea spray, which is closely related with the enhancements of the heat fluxes, upward motions, and horizontal winds in this region due to sea spray. Key words: sea spray, typhoon, boundary structure IntroductionTyphoon is one of the most destructive natural disasters affecting China. Each year coastal South China is impacted seriously by typhoons that form over the western Pacific and the South China Sea. Millions of people live along the coastline and are exposed to the threat from wind, rain, storm surges, and severe weather caused by western Pacific typhoons. During the last two decades, the theory of typhoon evolution has been investigated extensively. In particular, large efforts were focused on the effects of large-scale circulation, typhoon structure, and terrain, etc. on the evolution of the typhoon (see the review in Meng et al., 2002). By comparison, the role of air-sea interaction processes in western Pacific typhoons seems to have received less attention in the earlier studies.Indeed, typhoon, one of the most energetic weather events over the ocean, is a powerful engine that runs on the energy extracted from the ocean. The air-sea transfer of momentum and enthalpy has long been recognized as important elements for generating and maintaining hurricanes. Turbulent transfer processes over the ocean are commonly parameterized using Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. However, during high-wind, hurricane conditions, large amounts of sea spray are produced by bursting air bubbles in whitecaps and by tearing spume from the wave crests. Consequently, both turbulence and sea spray provide routes by which moisture, heat, and momentum cross the air-sea interface. Although the question as to whether or how sea spray affects the evolution of hurricanes has

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bulk Turbulent Flux and Sea Spray Flux Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of sea spray on the boundary layer structure of Typhoon Imbudo

Tang

Chen

et al. 2013

Acta Oceanol. Sin.

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“…Meanwhile, the spray terms (H L,sp , H s,sp , Q en,sp ) in our full flux model require extensive microphysically based calculations, as described by Andreas and DeCosmo (2002), Andreas et al (2008), and Andreas (2010). Using the datasets we have assembled (summarized in , we can evaluate this hypothesized flux algorithm.…”

Section: Work Completedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Turbulent Air-Sea Surface Fluxes, Including Spray Effects, from Weak to Strong Winds

Andreas¹,

Mahrt²

2013

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LONG-TERM GOALSThe goal is to investigate, through theory and by analyzing existing data, sea surface physics and airsea exchange in winds that range from weak to hurricane-strength. Ultimately, we want to develop unified parameterizations for the fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat, and enthalpy across the air-sea interface. These flux parameterizations will provide improved model coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere and, in essence, set the lower flux boundary conditions on atmospheric models and the upper flux boundary conditions on ocean models. OBJECTIVES1. Develop a theoretical framework for predicting air-sea fluxes from mean meteorological conditions and apply uniform analyses, based on this framework, to datasets that we will assemble.2. Assemble a large collection of quality air-sea flux data that represents a wide variety of conditions.3. Compute fluxes from these datasets using an improved analysis that better accommodates measurements made over heterogeneous surfaces, such as coastal zones. Focus the analyses on common problems where existing bulk formulations perform poorly-such as over surface heterogeneity, in weak winds, and in very strong winds.4. Develop a unified algorithm for predicting the turbulent air-sea surface fluxes that spans the environmental range in our datasets and obeys theoretical principles.

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“…We therefore begin this formal treatment of how and whether sea spray might influence the rate of air-sea gas transfer following the approach that Andreas and colleagues used for assessing how sea spray affects air-sea heat and moisture transfer [9,[27][28][29][30][31]. Microphysical modeling of the temperature and radius evolution of individual spray droplets underlies most of this work [32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spray-Mediated Air-Sea Gas Exchange: The Governing Time Scales

Andreas

Vlahos

Monahan

2017

JMSE

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Abstract:It is not known whether sea spray droplets can act as agents that influence air-sea gas exchange. We begin to address that question here by evaluating the time scales that govern spray-mediated air-sea gas transfer. To move between the interior of a spray droplet and the atmospheric gas reservoir, gas molecules must complete three distinct steps: (1) Gas molecules must mix between the interior surface and the deep interior of the aqueous solution droplet; time scale τ aq estimates the rate of this transfer; (2) Molecules must cross the droplet's interface; time scale τ int parameterizes this transfer; and (3) The molecules must transit a "jump" layer between a spray droplet's exterior surface and the atmospheric gas reservoir; time scale τ air dictates the rate of this transfer. The same steps, in reverse order, pertain to gas molecules moving from an atmospheric reservoir to a drop's interior. For the six most plentiful gases, excluding water vapor, in the atmosphere-helium, neon, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide-τ air , τ int , and τ aq are shorter than the time scales that quantify the rate at which a newly formed spray droplet's temperature, radius, and salinity evolve. We therefore conclude that, following the assumptions herein, a model for spray-mediated air-sea gas exchange can assume that the gas concentration in spray droplets is always in instantaneous equilibrium with the local atmospheric gas concentration.

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The Signature of Sea Spray in the Hexos Turbulent Heat Flux Data

Cited by 78 publications

References 56 publications

Impacts of sea spray on the boundary layer structure of Typhoon Imbudo

Impacts of sea spray on the boundary layer structure of Typhoon Imbudo

Predicting the Turbulent Air-Sea Surface Fluxes, Including Spray Effects, from Weak to Strong Winds

Spray-Mediated Air-Sea Gas Exchange: The Governing Time Scales

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